“... The retaliation of “eye for eye, tooth for tooth” is quoted in Exodus (21:24), Leviticus (24:20) and Deuteronomy (19:21). It is interesting that Philo nowhere makes reference to this law in his extant corpus of literature. In the New Testament, however, it is only the gospel of Matthew that refers to the law of retaliation (Matthew 5:38) when Jesus re-interprets it in the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5–7). The Hebrew versions of Exodus 21:24 (the Masoretic Text) and Leviticus 24:20 (4Q24; the Masoretic Text) have identical readings in the extant Dead Sea Scrolls fragments and the Masoretic Text. However, that of Deuteronomy 19:21 (4Q33; the Masoretic Text) is slightly different. Matthew, in turn, only selected the two that are explicitly linked to the face ...”

“... popular contemporary views of the lex talionis were influenced indirectly by the Code of Hammurabi, and that it also influenced the audience of the Sermon on the Mount indirectly. The Code of Hammurabi has parallels to the concept of retribution found in Exodus 21:23-25. The text of Exodus 21 parallels the Code of Hammurabi §230, which states: “If [building structures] kill a son of the owner of the house, one shall put to death the son of the builder.” This is a literal use of the lex talionis, a standard by which the death of one is paid for by the equal death of another ...”