1 Kings 22:19
Hebrew Bible
19 Micaiah said, “That being the case, listen to the Lord’s message. I saw the Lord sitting on his throne, with all the heavenly assembly standing beside him on his right and on his left. 20 The Lord said, ‘Who will deceive Ahab, so he will attack Ramoth Gilead and die there?’ One said this and another that. 21 Then a spirit stepped forward and stood before the Lord. He said, ‘I will deceive him.’ 22 The Lord asked him, ‘How?’ He replied, ‘I will go out and be a lying spirit in the mouths of all his prophets.’ The Lord said, ‘Deceive and overpower him. Go out and do as you have proposed.’ 23 So now, look, the Lord has placed a lying spirit in the mouths of all these prophets of yours, but the Lord has decreed disaster for you.”
Date: 6th Century B.C.E. (Final composition) (based on scholarly estimates)
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Job 2:1
Hebrew Bible
1 Again the day came when the sons of God came to present themselves before the Lord, and Satan also arrived among them to present himself before the Lord. 2 And the Lord said to Satan, “Where have you come from?” Satan answered the Lord, “From roving about on the earth, and from walking back and forth across it.” 3 Then the Lord said to Satan, “Have you considered my servant Job? For there is no one like him on the earth, a pure and upright man, one who fears God and turns away from evil. And he still holds firmly to his integrity, so that you stirred me up to destroy him without reason.”
Date: 5th Century B.C.E. (based on scholarly estimates)
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Texts in Conversation
Both 1 Kings 22 and Job 2 depict scenes where a heavenly or divine council gathers before God to discuss actions affecting human lives. In 1 Kings, the council debates how to lead King Ahab to his downfall, with bureaucratic dialogue where a divine being proposes a plan. In Job, the gathering is also bureaucratic, with members reporting in. These portrayals from the Hebrew Bible reflect a vision of divine governance as deliberative and cooperative, resembling earthly councils.
Notes and References
"... The clearest narrative about the procedure of the divine council is the story of Micaiah’s audience in heaven. Yahweh (= El) wished to destroy the king of Israel during a battle, so the assembly of the “host of heaven” was called to work out a plan toward this end ... Though the Bible calls the assembled beings בְנֵי הָאֱלֹהִים (Sons of God), it is widely understood that these were the gods who made up the heavenly court in Judah and Israel. The host was called together by Yahweh (= El) in this narrative, though El was not the only god who could call together the assembly; in fact, even the humans Kirta and Daniel are portrayed in the Ugaritic legends as bringing the divine assembly together. The assembly is presented in the Micaiah passage as made up of members who, in the course of dealing with the problem before them, disagreed with each other. The highest authority sought the members’ advice and accepted it; he did not command an action of his own devising that he expected them to carry out without dissent. It is clear, however, that the responsibility for carrying out the task was not Yahweh’s, but belonged to the spirit who thought up the ruse. The authority to perform the action was placed in the mouth of Yahweh, who pronounced the success of the mission before it was undertaken, and it was Yahweh who was credited with the successful ruse, though it was devised and carried out by another. The assembly in this story was called to confer on a specific matter related to the governance of the world. The presentation of the divine assembly at the beginning of Job portrays the assembly as a group that met regularly on a set day to report to the highest authority. In this story the deities were expected to report to God on the appointed day ..."
Handy, Lowell K.
Among the Host of Heaven: The Syro-Palestinian Pantheon as Bureaucracy
(pp. 120-121) Eisenbrauns, 1994
* The use of references are not endorsements of their contents. Please read the entirety of the provided reference(s) to understand the author's full intentions regarding the use of these texts.
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