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Zephaniah

About this book
Chapter 3

1 Beware to the filthy, stained city; the city filled with oppressors! 2 She is disobedient; she has refused correction. She does not trust the Lord; she has not sought the advice of her God. 3 Her princes are as fierce as roaring lions; her rulers are as hungry as wolves in the desert,⁠ who completely devour their prey by morning. 4 Her prophets are proud; they are deceitful men. Her priests have defiled what is holy; they have broken God’s laws.⁠ 5 The just Lord resides within her; he commits no unjust acts. Every morning he reveals his justice.⁠ At dawn he appears without fail. Yet the unjust know no shame. 6 “I destroyed nations; their walled cities are in ruins. I turned their streets into ruins; no one passes through them. Their cities are desolate; no one lives there. 7 I thought, ‘Certainly you will respect me! Now you will accept correction!’ If she had done so, her home would not be destroyed⁠ by all the punishments I have threatened. But they eagerly sinned in everything they did. 8 Therefore you must wait patiently for me,” says the Lord, “for the day when I attack and take plunder.⁠ I have decided to gather nations together and assemble kingdoms, so I can pour out my fury on them—all my raging anger. For the whole earth will be consumed by my fiery anger. 9 Know for sure that I will then restore to the nations a pure speech.32⁠ All of them will invoke the Lord’s name when they pray and will worship him in unison. 10 From beyond the rivers of Ethiopia, those who pray to me, my dispersed people, will bring me tribute. 11 In that day you will not be ashamed of all your rebelliousness against me, for then I will remove from your midst those who proudly boast, and you will never again be arrogant on my holy hill. 12 I will leave in your midst a humble and meek group of people, and they will find safety in the Lord’s presence. 13 The Israelites who remain will not act deceitfully. They will not lie, and a deceitful tongue will not be found in their mouths. Indeed, they will graze peacefully like sheep and lie down; no one will terrify them.” 14 Shout for joy, Daughter Zion! Shout out, Israel! Be happy and boast with all your heart, Daughter Jerusalem!⁠ 15 The Lord has removed the judgment against you; he has turned back your enemy. Israel’s king, the Lord, is in your midst! You no longer need to fear disaster. 16 On that day they will say to Jerusalem, “Don’t be afraid, Zion! Your hands must not be paralyzed from panic! 17 The Lord your God is in your midst; he is a warrior who can deliver. He takes great delight in you; he renews you by his love; he shouts for joy over you.”⁠ 18 “As for those who grieve because they cannot attend the festivals—I⁠ took them away from you; they became tribute and were a source of shame to you. 19 Look, at that time I will deal with those who mistreated you. I will rescue the lame sheep and gather together the scattered sheep. I will take away their humiliation and make the whole earth admire and respect them. 20 At that time I will lead you—at the time I gather you together. Be sure of this! I will make all the nations of the earth respect and admire you when you see me restore you,”⁠ says the Lord.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 11:9 and Zephaniah 3:9

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Genesis describes humanity scattered after their language was confused at Babel. Zephaniah describes a future reversal of that moment when all people will share the same language to call on the name of God together.

Passages

Genesis 11:9

Hebrew Bible
7 Come, let’s go down and confuse their language so they won’t be able to understand each other.” 8 So the Lord scattered them from there across the face of the entire earth, and they stopped building the city. 9 That is why its name was called Babel—because there the Lord confused the language of the entire world, and from there the Lord scattered them across the face of the entire earth. 10 This is the account of Shem. Shem was 100 years old when he became the father of Arphaxad, two years after the flood. 11 And after becoming the father of Arphaxad, Shem lived 500 years and had other sons and daughters.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Zephaniah 3:9

Hebrew Bible
7 I thought, ‘Certainly you will respect me! Now you will accept correction!’ If she had done so, her home would not be destroyed by all the punishments I have threatened. But they eagerly sinned in everything they did. 8 Therefore you must wait patiently for me,” says the Lord, “for the day when I attack and take plunder. I have decided to gather nations together and assemble kingdoms, so I can pour out my fury on them—all my raging anger. For the whole earth will be consumed by my fiery anger. 9 Know for sure that I will then restore to the nations a pure speech.32 All of them will invoke the Lord’s name when they pray and will worship him in unison. 10 From beyond the rivers of Ethiopia, those who pray to me, my dispersed people, will bring me tribute. 11 In that day you will not be ashamed of all your rebelliousness against me, for then I will remove from your midst those who proudly boast, and you will never again be arrogant on my holy hill.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Zephaniah

References

"... strong parallels exist between the images of Yahweh dispersing the Israelites as a consequence of idolatry and Yahweh’s dispersal of mankind at Babel as a consequence of rebellion. Images of the dispersal of Israel most often employ the verb in the hiphil (e.g., Deuteronomy 4:27; 28:64; 30:3; Nehemiah 1:8; Isaiah 11:12; Jeremiah 9:16; 13:24; 30:11; Ezekiel 11:16; 12:15; Amos 5:15, etc.). The same verb is found twice in Genesis 11:8 where Yahweh scatters the rebellious at Babel, and also in Genesis 10:18 with reference to the Canaanites spreading abroad ... a number of other literary and thematic parallels may be discerned between Zephaniah 3:8-13 and the Babel pericope ... Note, for example, the similarities in language: “all the earth” (Zephaniah 3:8 and Genesis 11:1, 4); “lip,” “language,” “tongue” (Zephaniah 3:9 and Genesis 11:1, 6, 9); “people (Zephaniah 3:8; Genesis 11:6); “pure” (Zephaniah 3:9) ... “they will take refuge in the name of Yahweh” (Zephaniah 3:12), counteracts the phrase, “let us make a name for ourselves” (Genesis 11:4) ..."
Kevin Burrell, ‘From Beyond the Rivers of Cush’: Negotiating Ethnic Identity and Cushite-Israelite Interrelations in the Hebrew Bible (University of Stellenbosch, 2018), 265–266.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 11:9 and Zephaniah 3:9

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