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Zephaniah

About this book
Chapter 3

1 Beware to the filthy, stained city; the city filled with oppressors! 2 She is disobedient; she has refused correction. She does not trust the Lord; she has not sought the advice of her God. 3 Her princes are as fierce as roaring lions; her rulers are as hungry as wolves in the desert,⁠ who completely devour their prey by morning. 4 Her prophets are proud; they are deceitful men. Her priests have defiled what is holy; they have broken God’s laws.⁠ 5 The just Lord resides within her; he commits no unjust acts. Every morning he reveals his justice.⁠ At dawn he appears without fail. Yet the unjust know no shame. 6 “I destroyed nations; their walled cities are in ruins. I turned their streets into ruins; no one passes through them. Their cities are desolate; no one lives there. 7 I thought, ‘Certainly you will respect me! Now you will accept correction!’ If she had done so, her home would not be destroyed⁠ by all the punishments I have threatened. But they eagerly sinned in everything they did. 8 Therefore you must wait patiently for me,” says the Lord, “for the day when I attack and take plunder.⁠ I have decided to gather nations together and assemble kingdoms, so I can pour out my fury on them—all my raging anger. For the whole earth will be consumed by my fiery anger. 9 Know for sure that I will then restore to the nations a pure speech.32⁠ All of them will invoke the Lord’s name when they pray and will worship him in unison. 10 From beyond the rivers of Ethiopia, those who pray to me, my dispersed people, will bring me tribute. 11 In that day you will not be ashamed of all your rebelliousness against me, for then I will remove from your midst those who proudly boast, and you will never again be arrogant on my holy hill. 12 I will leave in your midst a humble and meek group of people, and they will find safety in the Lord’s presence. 13 The Israelites who remain will not act deceitfully. They will not lie, and a deceitful tongue will not be found in their mouths. Indeed, they will graze peacefully like sheep and lie down; no one will terrify them.” 14 Shout for joy, Daughter Zion! Shout out, Israel! Be happy and boast with all your heart, Daughter Jerusalem!⁠ 15 The Lord has removed the judgment against you; he has turned back your enemy. Israel’s king, the Lord, is in your midst! You no longer need to fear disaster. 16 On that day they will say to Jerusalem, “Don’t be afraid, Zion! Your hands must not be paralyzed from panic! 17 The Lord your God is in your midst; he is a warrior who can deliver. He takes great delight in you; he renews you by his love; he shouts for joy over you.”⁠ 18 “As for those who grieve because they cannot attend the festivals—I⁠ took them away from you; they became tribute and were a source of shame to you. 19 Look, at that time I will deal with those who mistreated you. I will rescue the lame sheep and gather together the scattered sheep. I will take away their humiliation and make the whole earth admire and respect them. 20 At that time I will lead you—at the time I gather you together. Be sure of this! I will make all the nations of the earth respect and admire you when you see me restore you,”⁠ says the Lord.

Texts in conversation

Compare Habakkuk 1:8 and Zephaniah 3:3

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Habakkuk and Zephaniah both use the image of wolves as fierce nocturnal predators. Habakkuk applies this to the speed and ferocity of invading armies, while Zephaniah uses it to describe corrupt leaders who devour the people they should protect.

Passages

Habakkuk 1:8

Hebrew Bible
6 Look, I am about to empower the Babylonians, that ruthless and greedy nation. They sweep across the surface of the earth, seizing dwelling places that do not belong to them. 7 They are frightening and terrifying; they decide for themselves what is right. 8 Their horses are faster than leopards and more alert than wolves in the desert. Their horses gallop, their horses come a great distance; like eagles25 they swoop down quickly to devour their prey. 9 All of them intend to do violence; every face is determined. They take prisoners as easily as one scoops up sand. 10 They mock kings and laugh at rulers. They laugh at every fortified city; they build siege ramps and capture them.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Habakkuk

Zephaniah 3:3

Hebrew Bible
1 Beware to the filthy, stained city; the city filled with oppressors! 2 She is disobedient; she has refused correction. She does not trust the Lord; she has not sought the advice of her God. 3 Her princes are as fierce as roaring lions; her rulers are as hungry as wolves in the desert, who completely devour their prey by morning. 4 Her prophets are proud; they are deceitful men. Her priests have defiled what is holy; they have broken God’s laws. 5 The just Lord resides within her; he commits no unjust acts. Every morning he reveals his justice. At dawn he appears without fail. Yet the unjust know no shame.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Zephaniah

References

"... Every locale, and therefore every people’s literature, has its terrifying predators. Chief among them in the Bible is the wolf, which emerges from a dozen references as an animal of particular ferocity. These terrifying creatures are “ravenous” (Genesis 49:27) and “savage” (Acts 20:29). They devour (Genesis 49:27), tear (Ezekiel 22:27) and “destroy” (Jeremiah 5:6) their prey, especially helpless sheep (Matthew 10:16; Luke 10:3; John 10:12; Acts 20:29). In real life these nocturnal predators lie low during the day and begin to prowl at evening (Habakkuk 1:8; Zephaniah 3:3), and they have a reputation for gorging themselves (Zephaniah 3:3). These literal details present a heightened picture of terror and ferocity, which provides the context for the revulsion that biblical writers and Jesus have toward evil people and institutions that they compare to wolves ..."
Leland Ryken, James C. Wilhoit, and Tremper Longman III, eds., Dictionary of Biblical Imagery (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1998), 3219.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Habakkuk 1:8 and Zephaniah 3:3

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