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Zechariah

About this book
Chapter 12

1 This is an oracle, the Lord’s message concerning Israel: The Lord—he who stretches out the heavens and lays the foundations of the earth,⁠ who forms the human spirit within a person—says,⁠ 2 “I am about to make Jerusalem a cup that brings dizziness to all the surrounding nations; indeed, Judah will also be included when Jerusalem is besieged. 3 Moreover, on that day I will make Jerusalem a heavy burden for all the nations, and all who try to carry it will be seriously injured;⁠ yet all the peoples of the earth will be assembled against it.⁠ 4 On that day,” says the Lord, “I will strike every horse with confusion and its rider with madness. I will pay close attention to the house of Judah, but will strike all the horses of the nations with blindness.⁠ 5 Then the leaders of Judah will say to themselves, ‘The inhabitants of Jerusalem are a means of strength to us through their God, the Lord of Heaven’s Armies.’ 6 On that day I will make the leaders of Judah like an igniter among sticks and a burning torch among sheaves, and they will burn up all the surrounding nations right and left. Then the people of Jerusalem will settle once more in their place, the city of Jerusalem. 7 The Lord also will deliver the homes of Judah first, so that the splendor of the kingship of David and of the people of Jerusalem may not exceed that of Judah. 8 On that day the Lord himself will defend the inhabitants of Jerusalem, so that the weakest among them will be like mighty David, and the dynasty of David will be like God, like the angel of the Lord before them.⁠ 9 So on that day I will set out to destroy all the nations that come against Jerusalem. 10 “I will pour out on the kingship of David and the population of Jerusalem a spirit of grace and supplication so that they will look to me, the one they have pierced.⁠ They will lament for him as one laments for an only son, and there will be a bitter cry for him like the bitter cry for a firstborn.⁠ 11 On that day the lamentation in Jerusalem will be as great as the lamentation at Hadad Rimmon in the plain of Megiddo. 12 The land will mourn, each clan by itself—the clan of the royal household of David by itself and their wives by themselves; the clan of the family of Nathan by itself and their wives by themselves; 13 the clan of the descendants of Levi by itself and their wives by themselves; and the clan of the Shimeites by itself and their wives by themselves; 14 all the clans that remain, each separately with their wives.

Texts in conversation

Compare Zechariah 12:3 and 1 Enoch 56:7

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses

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Summary

Zechariah 12 presents a vision of Jerusalem as a heavy burden that injures the nations gathered against it, depicting the effects of a future siege. 1 Enoch 56 builds on this by adding specific details in its own apocalyptic vision.

Passages

Zechariah 12:3

Hebrew Bible
1 This is an oracle, the Lord’s message concerning Israel: The Lord—he who stretches out the heavens and lays the foundations of the earth, who forms the human spirit within a person—says, 2 “I am about to make Jerusalem a cup that brings dizziness to all the surrounding nations; indeed, Judah will also be included when Jerusalem is besieged. 3 Moreover, on that day I will make Jerusalem a heavy burden for all the nations, and all who try to carry it will be seriously injured; yet all the peoples of the earth will be assembled against it. 4 On that day,” says the Lord, “I will strike every horse with confusion and its rider with madness. I will pay close attention to the house of Judah, but will strike all the horses of the nations with blindness.
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Zechariah

1 Enoch 56:7

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
5 In those days, the angels shall return and rush to the east upon the Parthians and Medes: They shall stir up the kings, inciting a spirit of unrest among them, and rouse them from their thrones, so that they may leap out like lions from their dens, and like hungry wolves into their flocks. 6 They shall ascend and trample the land of His chosen ones, which shall become a threshing-floor and a highway under their feet. 7 But the city of my righteous shall obstruct their horses. They shall begin to fight among themselves, their own hands turning against each other, and a man will not recognize his brother, nor a son his father or his mother, until countless bodies fall by their own hands, and their destruction shall not be in vain.
300 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Enoch

References

"... Although the names Gog and Magog are not used in 1 Enoch 56:5–8, the enemy in Ezekiel’s Gog-oracles is identified as “the Parthians and the Medes.” The indebtedness of this section to Ezekiel 38–39 is universally recognized. The section is possibly eschatological, looking forward to a future attack ... Gog and Magog are found in several places in the Targums. For Targum Ezekiel 38–39 Gog is Rome. Various Targums to Numbers 11:26 speak of Eldad’s and Medad’s prophecies about Gog and Magog and their defeat by the Messiah. Pseudo-Jonathan attributes the defeat to God’s own direct intervention. The Targums vary in their expectations of one or more Messiahs and on the relationship between him/them and Gog. Gog and Magog references are introduced in many different contexts (relating to Zechariah 12:10; Isaiah 10:32; 33:22; Esther 5:1; Song of Solomon 8:4), suggesting a wide interest and familiarity with Gog and Magog expectations in the formative years of the Targums ..."
Myrto Theocharous, Lexical Dependence and Intertextual Allusion in the Septuagint of the Twelve Prophets: Studies in Hosea, Amos and Micah (London: T&T Clark, 2012), 251–252.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Zechariah 12:3 and 1 Enoch 56:7

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