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Zechariah

About this book
Chapter 12

1 This is an oracle, the Lord’s message concerning Israel: The Lord—he who stretches out the heavens and lays the foundations of the earth,⁠ who forms the human spirit within a person—says,⁠ 2 “I am about to make Jerusalem a cup that brings dizziness to all the surrounding nations; indeed, Judah will also be included when Jerusalem is besieged. 3 Moreover, on that day I will make Jerusalem a heavy burden for all the nations, and all who try to carry it will be seriously injured;⁠ yet all the peoples of the earth will be assembled against it.⁠ 4 On that day,” says the Lord, “I will strike every horse with confusion and its rider with madness. I will pay close attention to the house of Judah, but will strike all the horses of the nations with blindness.⁠ 5 Then the leaders of Judah will say to themselves, ‘The inhabitants of Jerusalem are a means of strength to us through their God, the Lord of Heaven’s Armies.’ 6 On that day I will make the leaders of Judah like an igniter among sticks and a burning torch among sheaves, and they will burn up all the surrounding nations right and left. Then the people of Jerusalem will settle once more in their place, the city of Jerusalem. 7 The Lord also will deliver the homes of Judah first, so that the splendor of the kingship of David and of the people of Jerusalem may not exceed that of Judah. 8 On that day the Lord himself will defend the inhabitants of Jerusalem, so that the weakest among them will be like mighty David, and the dynasty of David will be like God, like the angel of the Lord before them.⁠ 9 So on that day I will set out to destroy all the nations that come against Jerusalem. 10 “I will pour out on the kingship of David and the population of Jerusalem a spirit of grace and supplication so that they will look to me, the one they have pierced.⁠ They will lament for him as one laments for an only son, and there will be a bitter cry for him like the bitter cry for a firstborn.⁠ 11 On that day the lamentation in Jerusalem will be as great as the lamentation at Hadad Rimmon in the plain of Megiddo. 12 The land will mourn, each clan by itself—the clan of the royal household of David by itself and their wives by themselves; the clan of the family of Nathan by itself and their wives by themselves; 13 the clan of the descendants of Levi by itself and their wives by themselves; and the clan of the Shimeites by itself and their wives by themselves; 14 all the clans that remain, each separately with their wives.

Texts in conversation

Compare Isaiah 51:13 and Zechariah 12:1

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Isaiah 51 and Zechariah 12 share a rare phrase about stretching out the heavens and founding the earth. Because this language is used elsewhere in Isaiah, it suggests that Zechariah is drawing on Isaiah’s language.

Passages

Isaiah 51:13

Hebrew Bible
12 “I, I am the one who consoles you. Why are you afraid of mortal men, of mere human beings who are as short-lived as grass? 13 Why do you forget the Lord, who made you, who stretched out the sky and founded the earth? Why do you constantly tremble all day long at the anger of the oppressor, when he makes plans to destroy? Where is the anger of the oppressor? 14 The one who suffers will soon be released; he will not die in prison, he will not go hungry.
740–450 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Isaiah

Zechariah 12:1

Hebrew Bible
1 This is an oracle, the Lord’s message concerning Israel: The Lord—he who stretches out the heavens and lays the foundations of the earth, who forms the human spirit within a person—says, 2 “I am about to make Jerusalem a cup that brings dizziness to all the surrounding nations; indeed, Judah will also be included when Jerusalem is besieged. 3 Moreover, on that day I will make Jerusalem a heavy burden for all the nations, and all who try to carry it will be seriously injured; yet all the peoples of the earth will be assembled against it.
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Zechariah

References

"... The phrase ('the one who stretches out the heavens and establishes the earth') occurs in Zechariah 12:1 and Isaiah 51:13, and nowhere else in the Old Testament. This terminology, however, is very typical of Deutero-Isaiah (compare Isaiah 40:22; 42:5; 44:24; 45:12; 48:13; 51:16). There is thus no reason to think that Isaiah 51:13 is dependent on Zechariah 12:1, and not the other way around ..."
Risto Nurmela, “The Growth of the Book of Isaiah Illustrated by Allusions in Zechariah,” in Bringing Out the Treasure: Inner Biblical Allusion in Zechariah 9–14, ed. Mark J. Boda and Michael H. Floyd, JSOTSup 370 (London: Sheffield Academic, 2003), 256.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Isaiah 51:13 and Zechariah 12:1

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