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Zechariah

About this book
Chapter 1

1 In the eighth month of Darius’ second year, the Lord’s message came to the prophet Zechariah, son of Berechiah son of Iddo: 2 “The Lord was very angry with your ancestors. 3 Therefore say to the people: The Lord of Heaven’s Armies says, ‘Turn to me,’ says the Lord of Heaven’s Armies, ‘and I will turn to you,’ says the Lord of Heaven’s Armies.⁠ 4 Do not be like your ancestors, to whom the former prophets called out, saying, ‘This is what the Lord of Heaven’s Armies has said, “Turn now from your evil wickedness.”’ But they would by no means obey me,” says the Lord.⁠ 5 “As for your ancestors, where are they? And did the prophets live forever? 6 But have my words and statutes, which I commanded my servants the prophets, not outlived your fathers? Then they paid attention and confessed, ‘The Lord of Heaven’s Armies has indeed done what he said he would do to us, because of our sinful ways.’” 7 On the twenty-fourth day of the eleventh month, the month Shebat, in Darius’ second year, the Lord’s message came to the prophet Zechariah, son of Berechiah son of Iddo: 8 I was attentive that night and saw a man seated on a red horse that stood among some myrtle trees in the ravine. Behind him were red, sorrel, and white horses.⁠ 9 Then I asked one nearby, “What are these, sir?” The angelic messenger who replied to me said, “I will show you what these are.” 10 Then the man standing among the myrtle trees spoke up and said, “These are the ones whom the Lord has sent to walk about on the earth.” 11 The riders then agreed with the angel of the Lord, who was standing among the myrtle trees, “We have been walking about on the earth, and now everything is at rest and quiet.”⁠ 12 The angel of the Lord then asked, “O Lord of Heaven’s Armies, how long before you have compassion on Jerusalem and the other cities of Judah that you have been so angry with for these 70 years?” 13 The Lord then addressed good, comforting words to the angelic messenger who was speaking to me. 14 Turning to me, the messenger then said, “Cry out that the Lord of Heaven’s Armies says, ‘I am very much moved for Jerusalem and for Zion. 15 But I am greatly displeased with the nations that take my grace for granted. I was a little displeased with them, but they have only made things worse for themselves. 16 “‘Therefore,’ this is what the Lord has said, ‘I have become compassionate toward Jerusalem and will rebuild my temple in it,’ says the Lord of Heaven’s Armies. ‘Once more a surveyor’s measuring line will be stretched out over Jerusalem.’ 17 Speak up again with the message of the Lord of Heaven’s Armies: ‘My cities will once more overflow with prosperity, and once more the Lord will comfort Zion and validate his choice of Jerusalem.’” 18 (2:1) Once again I looked and this time I saw four horns. 19 So I asked the angelic messenger who spoke with me, “What are these?” He replied, “These are the horns that have scattered Judah, Israel, and Jerusalem.” 20 Next the Lord showed me four blacksmiths.⁠ 21 I asked, “What are these going to do?” He answered, “These horns are the ones that have scattered Judah so that there is no one to be seen. But the blacksmiths have come to terrify Judah’s enemies and cut off the horns of the nations that have thrust themselves against the land of Judah in order to scatter its people.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Jeremiah 25:5 and Zechariah 1:4

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Zechariah draws on Jeremiah’s language of repentance and the call for the people to turn from sin and listen to the prophets. Jeremiah summarized years of warning before exile, and Zechariah reuses it to remind a new generation of that responsibility.

Passages

Jeremiah 25:5

Hebrew Bible
3 “For the last 23 years, from the thirteenth year that Josiah son of Amon was ruling in Judah until now, the Lord’s messages have come to me, and I have told them to you over and over again. But you would not listen. 4 Over and over again the Lord has sent his servants the prophets to you. But you have not listened or paid attention. 5 He said through them, ‘Each of you must turn from your wicked ways and stop doing the evil things you are doing. If you do, I will allow you to continue to live here in the land that I gave to you and your ancestors as a lasting possession. 6 Do not pay allegiance to other gods and worship and serve them. Do not make me angry by the things that you do. Then I will not cause you any harm.’ 7 So, now the Lord says, ‘You have not listened to me. But you have made me angry by the things that you have done. Thus you have brought harm on yourselves.’
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jeremiah

Zechariah 1:4

Hebrew Bible
2 “The Lord was very angry with your ancestors. 3 Therefore say to the people: The Lord of Heaven’s Armies says, ‘Turn to me,’ says the Lord of Heaven’s Armies, ‘and I will turn to you,’ says the Lord of Heaven’s Armies. 4 Do not be like your ancestors, to whom the former prophets called out, saying, ‘This is what the Lord of Heaven’s Armies has said, “Turn now from your evil wickedness.”’ But they would by no means obey me,” says the Lord. 5 “As for your ancestors, where are they? And did the prophets live forever? 6 But have my words and statutes, which I commanded my servants the prophets, not outlived your fathers? Then they paid attention and confessed, ‘The Lord of Heaven’s Armies has indeed done what he said he would do to us, because of our sinful ways.’”
500–401 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Zechariah

References

"... Wenzel’s study gives extensive attention to the contexts of the alluded to texts in order to determine “the purpose or result of the reference for Zechariah’s argument.” In establishing the reference texts he utilizes both exclusivity of language/syntax and broader contextual correspondence. For instance, in identifying a reference text for Zechariah 1:4 he “looks for the imperative plural masculine of שׁוב” and finds Jeremiah 18:11, 25:5, 35:15 and 2 Kings 17:13. He then compares the nearer contexts of these verses and excludes Jeremiah 18:11, because it alone among these four does not reference the “ancestors” or “the previous prophets who are identified as Yahweh’s servants.” He concludes that Jeremiah 25:5 “is the primary reference because it is the only other place where a noun from the root עלל is qualified by רע.” Finally, he observes that the summarizing function of Jeremiah 25 in the context of the book of Jeremiah corroborates this conclusion, since “Zechariah 1:4 is not a summary or a culmination ... Zechariah 1:4 rather draws on the summary in Jeremiah 25.” He consistently applies this method to the seven case studies of his work and draws conclusions on the implications the source texts have for understanding Zechariah’s message to his present-day audience ..."
Matthew Thomas Seufert, “Zechariah: Select Problems and Allusive Solutions” (diss., The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2017), 16–17.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Jeremiah 25:5 and Zechariah 1:4

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