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Wisdom of Solomon

About this book

The King Shares the Mortality of All

Chapter 7

1 I myself am also mortal, like everyone else, and am a descendant of one formed first and born of the earth.⁠ 2 I was molded into flesh in the time of ten months in my mother’s womb, being compacted in blood from the seed of man and pleasure of marriage. 3 I also, when I was born, drew in the common air, and fell upon the kindred earth, uttering, like all, for my first voice, the same cry. 4 I was nursed with care in swaddling clothes. 5 For no king had a different beginning, 6 but all men have one entrance into life, and a common departure.

Wisdom Is More Precious Than Riches

7 For this reason I prayed, and understanding was given to me. I asked, and a spirit of wisdom came to me.⁠ 8 I preferred her before sceptres and thrones. I considered riches nothing in comparison to her. 9 Neither did I liken to her any priceless gem, because all gold in her presence is a little sand, and silver will be considered as clay before her. 10 I loved her more than health and beauty, and I chose to have her rather than light, because her bright shining is never laid to sleep. 11 All good things came to me with her, and innumerable riches are in her hands.⁠ 12 And I rejoiced over them all because wisdom leads them; although I didn’t know that she was their mother. 13 As I learned without guile, I impart without grudging. I don’t hide her riches. 14 For she is a treasure for men that doesn’t fail,⁠ and those who use it obtain friendship with God, commended by the gifts which they present through discipline.

God’s Gift and the Qualities of Wisdom

15 But may God grant that I may speak with discernment, and to conceive thoughts worthy of what has been given me; because he is one who guides even wisdom and who corrects the wise. 16 For both we and our words are in his hand, with all understanding and skill in various crafts. 17 For he himself gave me an unerring knowledge of the things that are, to know the structure of the universe and the operation of the elements;⁠ 18 the beginning, end, and middle of times; the alternations of the solstices and the changes of seasons; 19 the circuits of years and the positions of stars; 20 the natures of living creatures and the raging of wild beasts; the violence of winds and the thoughts of men; the diversities of plants and the virtues of roots. 21 All things that are either secret or manifest I learned,⁠ 22 for wisdom, that is the architect of all things, taught me. For there is in her a spirit that is quick to understand, holy, unique, manifold, subtle, freely moving, clear in utterance, unpolluted, distinct, invulnerable, loving what is good, keen, unhindered,⁠ 23 beneficent, loving toward man, steadfast, sure, free from care, all-powerful, all-surveying, and penetrating through all spirits that are quick to understand,⁠ pure, most subtle. 24 For wisdom is more mobile than any motion.⁠ Yes, she pervades and penetrates all things by reason of her purity.⁠

Wisdom as the Reflection of God’s Goodness

25 For she is a breath of the power of God,⁠ and a pure emanation of the glory of the Almighty.⁠ Therefore nothing defiled can find entrance into her.⁠ 26 For she is a reflection of everlasting light, an unspotted mirror of the working of God, and an image of his goodness.⁠ 27 Although she is one, she has power to do all things.⁠ Remaining in herself, she renews all things.⁠ From generation to generation passing into holy souls, she makes friends of God and prophets.⁠ 28 For God loves nothing except one who dwells with wisdom. 29 For she is fairer than the sun, and above all the constellations of the stars.⁠ She is better than light.⁠ 30 For daylight yields to night, but evil does not prevail against wisdom.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare LXX Genesis 2:7 and Wisdom of Solomon 7:1

Septuagint · Deuterocanon

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Summary

The Wisdom of Solomon uses the Greek Septuagint translation of Genesis to describe humans as “earthborn” and “first-formed.” This language may reflect an interpretation that death was not a punishment but a natural result of being formed from the earth.

Passages

LXX Genesis 2:7

Septuagint
6 But there rose a fountain out of the earth, and watered the whole face of the earth. 7 And God formed the man of dust of the earth, and breathed upon his face the breath of life, and the man became a living soul. 8 And the Lord God planted a garden eastward in Eden, and placed there the man whom he had formed.
300–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in LXX Genesis

Wisdom of Solomon 7:1

Deuterocanon
1 I myself am also mortal, like everyone else, and am a descendant of one formed first and born of the earth. 2 I was molded into flesh in the time of ten months in my mother’s womb, being compacted in blood from the seed of man and pleasure of marriage. 3 I also, when I was born, drew in the common air, and fell upon the kindred earth, uttering, like all, for my first voice, the same cry.
50 BCE – 50 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Wisdom of Solomon

References

"... The focus on mortality in Wisdom of Solomon 7:1 is entirely dependent on the J creation account. The rare substantive adjective “first-formed,” for example, is a nominalized form of the verb from LXX Genesis 2:7. Additionally, Adam is described as “earthborn” since he was formed “from the earth” (LXX Genesis 2:7). Like Ben Sira, the author of Wisdom of Solomon sees mortality in the creation account of Genesis 2, apart from any reference to Adam’s transgression. The implied logic of Wisdom of Solomon 7:1 is explicitly stated by Philo in the Exposition on the Law. Mortality and perishability are inherent to being “earthborn” (Special Laws 2.124; On the Creation of the World 82; see also Questions and Answers on Genesis 1.51). Interpreting Genesis 2:7, Philo argues that a human being is a “composite” creature, a result of combining an “earthy,” “mortal” body with the “divine breath,” which is the “immortal” soul (On the Creation of the World 135; see also Plato, Phaedo 79b–80a). As Karina Martin Hogan argues concerning Wisdom of Solomon 7:1, “The universality of physical mortality [...] is associated with the fact that the first man was formed from the earth (Genesis 2:7).” ..."
Tyler Allen Stewart, “‘The Present Evil Age’: The Origin and Persistence of Evil in Galatians” (diss., Marquette University, 2019), 92–93.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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