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Wisdom of Solomon

About this book
Chapter 2

1 For they said within themselves, with unsound reasoning, “Our life is short and sorrowful. There is no healing when a man comes to his end, and no one was ever known who was released from Hades.⁠ 2 Because we were born by mere chance, and hereafter we will be as though we had never been, because the breath in our nostrils is smoke, and reason is a spark kindled by the beating of our heart, 3 which being extinguished, the body will be turned into ashes, and the spirit will be dispersed as thin air. 4 Our name will be forgotten in time. No one will remember our works. Our life will pass away as the traces of a cloud, and will be scattered as is a mist, when it is chased by the rays of the sun, and overcome by its heat.⁠ 5 For our allotted time is the passing of a shadow, and our end doesn’t retreat, because it is securely sealed, and no one turns it back. 6 “Come therefore and let’s enjoy the good things that exist. Let’s use the creation earnestly as in our youth.⁠ 7 Let’s fill ourselves with costly wine and perfumes, and let no spring flower pass us by. 8 Let’s crown ourselves with rosebuds before they wither. 9 Let none of us go without his share in our proud revelry. Let’s leave tokens of mirth everywhere, because this is our portion, and this is our lot.⁠ 10 Let’s oppress the righteous poor. Let’s not spare the widow, nor regard the gray hair of the old man.⁠ 11 But let our strength be a law of righteousness; for that which is weak is proven useless. 12 But let’s lie in wait for the righteous man, because he annoys us, is contrary to our works,⁠ reproaches us with sins against the law, and charges us with sins against our training.⁠ 13 He professes to have knowledge of God, and calls himself a child of the Lord.⁠ 14 He became to us a reproof of our thoughts. 15 He is grievous to us even to look at, because his life is unlike other men’s, and his paths are strange. 16 We were regarded by him as something worthless, and he abstains from our ways as from uncleanness. He calls the latter end of the righteous happy. He boasts that God is his father.⁠ 17 Let’s see if his words are true. Let’s test what will happen at the end of his life. 18 For if the righteous man is God’s son, he will uphold him, and he will deliver him out of the hand of his adversaries. 19 Let’s test him with insult and torture, that we may find out how gentle he is,⁠ and test his patience. 20 Let’s condemn him to a shameful death, for he will be protected, according to his words.” 21 Thus they reasoned, and they were led astray; for their wickedness blinded them, 22 and they didn’t know the mysteries of God, neither did they hope for wages of holiness, nor did they discern that there is a prize for blameless souls. 23 Because God created man for incorruption, and made him an image of his own⁠ everlastingness;⁠ 24 but death entered into the world by the envy of the devil,⁠ and those who belong to him experience it.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Wisdom of Solomon 2:24 and Clement of Rome, 1 Clement 3:4

Deuterocanon · Early Christian

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Summary

The early Christian text 1 Clement echoes the Wisdom of Solomon’s claim that death entered the world through the envy of the devil, but reinterprets this figure as a symbol of jealousy and violence, likely connected to Cain.

Passages

Wisdom of Solomon 2:24

Deuterocanon
21 Thus they reasoned, and they were led astray; for their wickedness blinded them, 22 and they didn’t know the mysteries of God, neither did they hope for wages of holiness, nor did they discern that there is a prize for blameless souls. 23 Because God created man for incorruption, and made him an image of his own everlastingness; 24 but death entered into the world by the envy of the devil, and those who belong to him experience it.
50 BCE – 50 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Wisdom of Solomon

Clement of Rome, 1 Clement 3:4

Early Christian · First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians
1 All glory and abundance were given to you, and what was written was fulfilled: ‘My beloved ate and drank, grew strong, and became proud and rebellious.’ 2 From this came jealousy and envy, strife and rebellion, persecution and chaos, war and captivity. 3 So people were stirred up—the lowly against the honorable, the disrespected against the esteemed, the foolish against the wise, the young against the elder. 4 Because of this, righteousness and peace have withdrawn, while each person has forgotten the fear of the Lord and become blind in faith, no longer walking in the ordinances of His commandments or living in a way that honors Christ. Instead, each follows the desires of their corrupt heart, having embraced an unrighteous and ungodly jealousy—through which death entered the world.
90–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Clement of Rome, 1 Clement

References

“... Jason Zurawski makes a compelling case for rereading Wis 2:24. He argues that the author of Wisdom is not describing a superhuman evil nor “an original sin which fundamentally altered the structure of the cosmos and humanity's place in it.” Key to Zurawski’s argument is the semantic range of the term διαβόλος, which he suggests refers to a more general adversary, a meaning more consistent with the use of the term at the time Wisdom of Solomon was composed. Zurawski is not the first to suggest that the “devil” here is not a Satan figure. Not only is there no reference to “envy [φθόνος]” in Gen 3, but numerous scholars have suggested in light of Wis 10:1–4 that the adversary is a reference to Cain. The Cain-as-adversary reading fits Wis 10:1–4 and it appears that Wis 2:24 was read as a reference to Cain by the author of 1 Clement. Furthermore, Cain is a key figure in Philo’s view of the origin of evil. The two dominant views of the adversary in Wis 2:24 are either a Satan figure or Cain, but neither option is entirely satisfying. [...] 1 Clem 3:4–4:7. See Jan Dochhorn, “Mit Kain kam der Tod in die Welt: Zur Auslegung von SapSal 2,24 in 1 Clem 3,4; 4,1-7, mit einem Seitenblick auf Polykarp, Phil. 7,1 und Theophilus, Ad Autol. II, 29,3-4,” ZNW 98 (2007): 150–59. ...”
Tyler Allen Stewart, “‘The Present Evil Age’: The Origin and Persistence of Evil in Galatians” (diss., Marquette University, 2019), 103–104.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Wisdom of Solomon 2:24 and Clement of Rome, 1 Clement 3:4

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