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Wisdom of Solomon

About this book
Chapter 18

1 But for your holy ones there was great light. Their enemies, hearing their voice but not seeing their form, counted it a happy thing that they had not suffered, 2 yet because they do not hurt them, though wronged by them before, they are thankful; and because they had been at variance with them, they begged for pardon. 3 Therefore you provided a burning pillar of fire, to be a guide for your people’s unknown journey, and a harmless sun for their glorious exile. 4 For the Egyptians well deserved to be deprived of light and imprisoned by darkness, they who had imprisoned your children, through whom the incorruptible light of the law was to be given to the race of men.⁠

The Firstborn, Passover, and Israel’s Deliverance

5 After they had taken counsel to kill the babes of the holy ones, and when a single child had been abandoned and saved to convict them of their sin, you took away from them their multitude of children, and destroyed all their army together in a mighty flood.⁠ 6 Our fathers were made aware of that night beforehand, that, having sure knowledge, they might be cheered by the oaths which they had trusted. 7 Salvation of the righteous and destruction of the enemies was expected by your people. 8 For as you took vengeance on the adversaries, by the same means, calling us to yourself, you glorified us. 9 For holy children of good men offered sacrifice in secret, and with one consent they agreed to the covenant of the divine law, that the saints would partake alike in the same good things and the same perils, already singing the praises of the fathers. 10 But the discordant cry of the enemies echoed back, and a pitiful voice of lamentation for children was spread abroad. 11 Both servant and master were punished with the same just doom, and the commoner suffering the same as king; 12 Yes, they all together, under one form of death, had corpses without number. For the living were not sufficient even to bury them, since at a single stroke, their most cherished offspring was consumed.⁠ 13 For while they were disbelieving all things by reason of the enchantments, upon the destruction of the firstborn they confessed the people to be God’s children. 14 For while peaceful silence wrapped all things, and night in her own swiftness was half spent,⁠ 15 your all-powerful word leaped from heaven, from the royal throne, a stern warrior, into the midst of the doomed land,⁠ 16 bearing as a sharp sword your authentic commandment, and standing, it filled all things with death, and while it touched the sky it stood upon the earth. 17 Then immediately apparitions in dreams terribly troubled them, and unexpected fears came upon them. 18 And each, one thrown here half dead, another there, made known why he was dying; 19 for the dreams, disturbing them, forewarned them of this, that they might not perish without knowing why they were afflicted. 20 The experience of death also touched the righteous, and a multitude were destroyed in the wilderness, but the wrath didn’t last long. 21 For a blameless man hurried to be their champion, bringing the weapon of his own ministry, prayer, and the atoning sacrifice of incense. He withstood the indignation and set an end to the calamity, showing that he was your servant. 22 And he overcame the anger, not by strength of body, not by force of weapons, but by his word, he subdued the avenger by bringing to remembrance oaths and covenants made with the fathers.⁠ 23 For when the dead had already fallen in heaps one upon another, he intervened and stopped the wrath, and cut off its way to the living. 24 For the whole world was pictured on his long robe, and the glories of the fathers were upon the engraving of the four rows of precious stones, and your majesty was upon the diadem on his head.⁠ 25 The destroyer yielded to these, and feared them; for it was enough only to test the wrath.

Texts in conversation

Compare Jubilees 48:14 and Wisdom of Solomon 18:5 and Sotah 11a

Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions · Deuterocanon · Rabbinic

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Summary

Jubilees, the Wisdom of Solomon, and Rabbinic tradition in tractate Sotah interpret the drowning of the Egyptian army in Exodus as revenge for Pharaoh drowning Israelite children. Jubilees adds that 1,000 Egyptians died for each Israelite child.

Passages

Jubilees 48:14

Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions
13 And I stood between the Egyptians and Israel, and we rescued Israel from his power, and out of the hand of his people, and the Lord brought them through the middle of the sea as if it were dry land. 14 And all the peoples whom he brought to pursue Israel, the Lord our God threw them into the middle of the sea, into the depths of the abyss beneath the children of Israel, even as the people of Egypt had cast their children into the river. He took vengeance on 1,000,000 of them, and one thousand strong and energetic men were destroyed on account of one nursing infant of the children of your people which they had thrown into the river.
170–125 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jubilees

Wisdom of Solomon 18:5

Deuterocanon
4 For the Egyptians well deserved to be deprived of light and imprisoned by darkness, they who had imprisoned your children, through whom the incorruptible light of the law was to be given to the race of men. 5 After they had taken counsel to kill the babes of the holy ones, and when a single child had been abandoned and saved to convict them of their sin, you took away from them their multitude of children, and destroyed all their army together in a mighty flood. 6 Our fathers were made aware of that night beforehand, that, having sure knowledge, they might be cheered by the oaths which they had trusted.
50 BCE – 50 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Wisdom of Solomon

Sotah 11a

Rabbinic · Babylonian Talmud
Alternatively, there is an additional way to punish the Egyptians with water: He does not bring a flood upon them, but they may come and fall into water, and so it says: “And the sea returned to its strength when the morning appeared; and the Egyptians fled toward it; and the Lord overthrew the Egyptians in the midst of the sea” (Exodus 14:27), indicating that the Egyptians fell into the water. And this is what Rabbi Elazar says: What is the meaning of that which is written: “Now I know that the Lord is greater than all gods, for in that which they conspired [zadu] against them” (Exodus 18:11)? The phrase means: In the pot in which they cooked, they themselves were cooked, as they were punished through drowning, measure for measure, for drowning the Jewish babies. The Gemara asks: From where may it be inferred that this word “zadu” is a term meaning a pot? The Gemara answers: As it is written: “And Jacob simmered a pot [vayyazed Ya’akov nazid]” (Genesis 25:29).
450–550 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Sotah

References

"... Measure for measure: Jubilees further sees in the drowning of the Egyptian forces at the Red Sea the principle of “measure for measure”: this was a just recompense for the Egyptians’ drowning of the Israelite babies in the Nile (Exodus 1:22). The same theme appears in Wisdom of Solomon 18:15, Pseudo-Philo, Biblical Antiquities 9:10, Mekhilta de Rabbi Ishmael Shirta 4 (end), b. Sota 11a. Jubilees’ author celebrated the disproportionality, 1,000 men … for one infant; compare mishnah Sota 1:9 ..."
James L. Kugel, A Walk through Jubilees: Studies in the Book of Jubilees and the World of Its Creation (Leiden: Brill, 2012), 197.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Jubilees 48:14 and Wisdom of Solomon 18:5 and Sotah 11a

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