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Wisdom of Solomon

About this book
Chapter 18

1 But for your holy ones there was great light. Their enemies, hearing their voice but not seeing their form, counted it a happy thing that they had not suffered, 2 yet because they do not hurt them, though wronged by them before, they are thankful; and because they had been at variance with them, they begged for pardon. 3 Therefore you provided a burning pillar of fire, to be a guide for your people’s unknown journey, and a harmless sun for their glorious exile. 4 For the Egyptians well deserved to be deprived of light and imprisoned by darkness, they who had imprisoned your children, through whom the incorruptible light of the law was to be given to the race of men.⁠

The Firstborn, Passover, and Israel’s Deliverance

5 After they had taken counsel to kill the babes of the holy ones, and when a single child had been abandoned and saved to convict them of their sin, you took away from them their multitude of children, and destroyed all their army together in a mighty flood.⁠ 6 Our fathers were made aware of that night beforehand, that, having sure knowledge, they might be cheered by the oaths which they had trusted. 7 Salvation of the righteous and destruction of the enemies was expected by your people. 8 For as you took vengeance on the adversaries, by the same means, calling us to yourself, you glorified us. 9 For holy children of good men offered sacrifice in secret, and with one consent they agreed to the covenant of the divine law, that the saints would partake alike in the same good things and the same perils, already singing the praises of the fathers. 10 But the discordant cry of the enemies echoed back, and a pitiful voice of lamentation for children was spread abroad. 11 Both servant and master were punished with the same just doom, and the commoner suffering the same as king; 12 Yes, they all together, under one form of death, had corpses without number. For the living were not sufficient even to bury them, since at a single stroke, their most cherished offspring was consumed.⁠ 13 For while they were disbelieving all things by reason of the enchantments, upon the destruction of the firstborn they confessed the people to be God’s children. 14 For while peaceful silence wrapped all things, and night in her own swiftness was half spent,⁠ 15 your all-powerful word leaped from heaven, from the royal throne, a stern warrior, into the midst of the doomed land,⁠ 16 bearing as a sharp sword your authentic commandment, and standing, it filled all things with death, and while it touched the sky it stood upon the earth. 17 Then immediately apparitions in dreams terribly troubled them, and unexpected fears came upon them. 18 And each, one thrown here half dead, another there, made known why he was dying; 19 for the dreams, disturbing them, forewarned them of this, that they might not perish without knowing why they were afflicted. 20 The experience of death also touched the righteous, and a multitude were destroyed in the wilderness, but the wrath didn’t last long. 21 For a blameless man hurried to be their champion, bringing the weapon of his own ministry, prayer, and the atoning sacrifice of incense. He withstood the indignation and set an end to the calamity, showing that he was your servant. 22 And he overcame the anger, not by strength of body, not by force of weapons, but by his word, he subdued the avenger by bringing to remembrance oaths and covenants made with the fathers.⁠ 23 For when the dead had already fallen in heaps one upon another, he intervened and stopped the wrath, and cut off its way to the living. 24 For the whole world was pictured on his long robe, and the glories of the fathers were upon the engraving of the four rows of precious stones, and your majesty was upon the diadem on his head.⁠ 25 The destroyer yielded to these, and feared them; for it was enough only to test the wrath.

Texts in conversation

Compare Numbers 33:4 and Wisdom of Solomon 18:12

Hebrew Bible · Deuterocanon

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Summary

Numbers shows Egypt in mourning as Israel leaves and says the death of the firstborn was judgment on Egypt’s gods. The Wisdom of Solomon blends this with other Exodus moments such as Pharaoh’s order to kill infants, Moses’ rescue, and the army’s defeat.

Passages

Numbers 33:4

Hebrew Bible
2 Moses recorded their departures according to their journeys, by the commandment of the Lord; now these are their journeys according to their departures. 3 They departed from Rameses in the first month, on the fifteenth day of the first month; on the day after the Passover the Israelites went out defiantly in plain sight of all the Egyptians. 4 Now the Egyptians were burying all their firstborn, whom the Lord had killed among them; the Lord also executed judgments on their gods. 5 The Israelites traveled from Rameses and camped in Sukkoth. 6 They traveled from Sukkoth, and camped in Etham, which is on the edge of the desert.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Numbers

Wisdom of Solomon 18:12

Deuterocanon
10 But the discordant cry of the enemies echoed back, and a pitiful voice of lamentation for children was spread abroad. 11 Both servant and master were punished with the same just doom, and the commoner suffering the same as king; 12 Yes, they all together, under one form of death, had corpses without number. For the living were not sufficient even to bury them, since at a single stroke, their most cherished offspring was consumed. 13 For while they were disbelieving all things by reason of the enchantments, upon the destruction of the firstborn they confessed the people to be God’s children. 14 For while peaceful silence wrapped all things, and night in her own swiftness was half spent,
50 BCE – 50 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Wisdom of Solomon

References

"... Wisdom of Solomon 18:5-25 ... In the sixth contrast the Egyptian firstborn are destroyed but Israel is saved from the wrath of the destroyer in the desert. The section is divided into two parts marked off by the inclusions “destroyed / perished” (same word in Greek) in verses 5 and 19, and “experience / test” (the same word in Greek) in verses 20-25. 18:5-19 The events alluded to here are the killing of the Hebrew male children, the rescue of Moses, the slaughter of the Egyptian firstborn, and the drowning of Pharaoh’s army in the sea (Exodus 1:15-22; 2:1-10; 12:29; 14:21-31). The element of talion, already present in the biblical text, was widely recognized by readers of Exodus from an early time (compare Jubilees 48:14). “That night” (18:6) is the night of the first Passover (Exodus 12:21-27). 18:8 exemplifies the principle stated in 11:16. In the first half of 18:9 the author seems to have telescoped the events of Passover night and the reception of the law at Sinai (Exodus 24:7), while at the end of the verse he has the Israelites already anachronistically reciting the Hallel (Psalms 113-118). This final phrase is problematic and could also refer to the Israelites recalling the stories of the patriarchs and the promises made to them. But the statement was probably evoked as much by the literary need for a contrast with the desolate cries of the Egyptians (18:10) than by reading back contemporary events into the past. Verse 13 draws on Exodus 4:22-23 (compare Hosea 11:1). The statement goes beyond the actual text which is presumably being referred to, but throughout chapters 10-19 the Wisdom of Solomon routinely embellishes the biblical text for rhetorical effect ..."
James D. G. Dunn and J. W. Rogerson, eds., Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003), 776.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Numbers 33:4 and Wisdom of Solomon 18:12

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