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Wisdom of Solomon

About this book
Chapter 12

1 For your incorruptible spirit is in all things.⁠ 2 Therefore you convict little by little those who fall from the right way, and, putting them in remembrance by the things in which they sin, you admonish them, that escaping from their wickedness they may believe in you, O Lord.

Judgment and Mercy Toward the Canaanites

3 For truly the old inhabitants of your holy land,⁠ 4 hating them because they practiced detestable works of enchantments and unholy rites—⁠ 5 merciless slaughters of children and sacrificial banquets of men’s flesh and of blood— 6 allies in an impious fellowship, and murderers of their own helpless babes, it was your counsel to destroy by the hands of our fathers;⁠ 7 that the land which in your sight is most precious of all might receive a worthy colony of God’s servants. 8 Nevertheless you even spared these as men, and you sent hornets as forerunners of your army, to cause them to perish little by little.⁠ 9 Not that you were unable to subdue the ungodly under the hand of the righteous in battle, or by terrible beasts or by a stern word to make away with them at once, 10 but judging them little by little you gave them a chance to repent, not being ignorant that their nature by birth was evil, their wickedness inborn, and that their manner of thought would never be changed.⁠ 11 For they were a cursed seed from the beginning.⁠ It wasn’t through fear of any that you left them unpunished for their sins. 12 For who will say, “What have you done?” Or “Who will withstand your judgment?”⁠ Who will accuse you for the perishing of nations which you made? Or who will come and stand before you as an avenger for unrighteous men?⁠ 13 For there isn’t any God beside you that cares for all,⁠ that you might show that you didn’t judge unrighteously. 14 No king or prince will be able to confront you about those whom you have punished. 15 But being righteous, you rule all things righteously, deeming it a thing alien from your power to condemn one who doesn’t deserve to be punished. 16 For your strength is the source of righteousness, and your sovereignty over all makes you forbear all.⁠ 17 For when men don’t believe that you are perfect in power, you show your strength, and in dealing with those who know it, you confuse their boldness. 18 But you, being sovereign in strength, judge in gentleness, and with great forbearance you govern us; for the power is yours whenever you desire it.

Mercy as a Lesson for Israel

19 But you taught your people by such works as these, how the righteous must be kind. You made your sons have good hope, because you give repentance when men have sinned. 20 For if on those who were enemies of your servants and deserving of death, you took vengeance with so great deliberation and indulgence, giving them times and opportunities when they might escape from their wickedness,⁠ 21 with how great care you judged your sons, to whose fathers you gave oaths and covenants of good promises! 22 Therefore while you chasten us, you scourge our enemies ten thousand times more, so that we may ponder your goodness when we judge, and when we are judged may look for mercy.⁠

Wrongdoing and Its Corresponding Punishment

23 Therefore also the unrighteous that lived in a life of folly, you tormented through their own abominations. 24 For truly they went astray very far in the ways of error, taking as gods those animals which even among vile beasts were held in dishonor, deceived like foolish babes. 25 Therefore, as to unreasoning children, you sent your judgment to mock them. 26 But those who would not be admonished by mild correction will experience the deserved judgment of God. 27 For through the sufferings they were indignant of, being punished in these creatures which they supposed to be gods, they saw and recognized as the true God him whom they previously refused to know. Therefore also the result of extreme condemnation came upon them.

Texts in conversation

Compare Wisdom of Solomon 12:12 and Romans 9:19

Deuterocanon · New Testament

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Summary

The Wisdom of Solomon and Romans explore the same ideas about God’s justice, and who has the right to question him. In Wisdom, this supports God’s authority to judge the nations, in Romans it shows his power to guide history and subvert expectations.

Passages

Wisdom of Solomon 12:12

Deuterocanon
10 but judging them little by little you gave them a chance to repent, not being ignorant that their nature by birth was evil, their wickedness inborn, and that their manner of thought would never be changed. 11 For they were a cursed seed from the beginning. It wasn’t through fear of any that you left them unpunished for their sins. 12 For who will say, “What have you done?” Or “Who will withstand your judgment?” Who will accuse you for the perishing of nations which you made? Or who will come and stand before you as an avenger for unrighteous men? 13 For there isn’t any God beside you that cares for all, that you might show that you didn’t judge unrighteously. 14 No king or prince will be able to confront you about those whom you have punished.
50 BCE – 50 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Wisdom of Solomon

Romans 9:19

New Testament
17 For the scripture says to Pharaoh: “For this very purpose I have raised you up, that I may demonstrate my power in you, and that my name may be proclaimed in all the earth.” 18 So then, God has mercy on whom he chooses to have mercy, and he hardens whom he chooses to harden. 19 You will say to me then, “Why does he still find fault? For who has ever resisted his will?” 20 But who indeed are you—a mere human being—to talk back to God? Does what is molded say to the molder, “Why have you made me like this?” 21 Has the potter no right to make from the same lump of clay one vessel for special use and another for ordinary use? 22 But what if God, willing to demonstrate his wrath and to make known his power, has endured with much patience the objects of wrath prepared for destruction?
55–58 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Romans

References

"... According to Grafe, the most conspicuous points of contact between Wisdom and Romans are the polemics against false worship in Wisdom 13:1–9 and Romans 1:18–32 and the pattern of predestination in Wisdom 12–15 and Romans 9:19–23. In his opinion, these parallels, together with several other notable correspondences, force the conclusion that it is ‘mindestens höchst wahrscheinlich’ that Paul knew and used Wisdom. a few years later, in acknowledged agreement with Grafe, Sanday and Headlam considered the ‘resemblances’ between Romans 1:18–32 and Wisdom 13, as well as the topical overlap and similar ‘drift of the argument’ in Romans 9–11 and Wisdom 10–19, and argued that ‘while there can be no question of direct quotation’, it appears that ‘St. Paul must have bestowed upon the Book of Wisdom a considerable amount of study’ and that between Romans and Wisdom there is ‘some definite literary obligation’ ..."
Jonathan A. Linebaugh, God, Grace, and Righteousness in Wisdom of Solomon and Paul’s Letter to the Romans: Texts in Conversation (Leiden: Brill, 2013), 13–18.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Wisdom of Solomon 12:12 and Romans 9:19

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