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Wisdom of Solomon

About this book

Water as Punishment and Deliverance

Chapter 11

1 Wisdom prospered their works in the hand of a holy prophet. 2 They traveled through a desert without inhabitant, and they pitched their tents in trackless regions. 3 They withstood enemies and repelled foes. 4 They thirsted, and they called upon you, and water was given to them out of the flinty rock, and healing of their thirst out of the hard stone. 5 For by what things their foes were punished, by these they in their need were benefited. 6 When enemies were troubled with clotted blood instead of a river’s ever-flowing fountain, 7 to rebuke the decree for the slaying of babies, you gave them abundant water beyond all hope, 8 having shown by the thirst which they had suffered how you punished the adversaries. 9 For when they were tried, although chastened in mercy, they learned how the ungodly were tormented, being judged with wrath. 10 For you tested these as a father admonishing them; but you searched out those as a stern king condemning them. 11 Yes and whether they were far off or near, they were equally distressed; 12 for a double grief seized them, and a groaning at the memory of things past. 13 For when they heard that through their own punishments the others benefited, they recognized the Lord. 14 For him who long before was thrown out and exposed they stopped mocking. In the end of what happened, they marveled, having thirsted in another manner than the righteous.

God’s Power, Patience, and Mercy

15 But in return for the senseless imaginings of their unrighteousness, by which they were led astray to worship irrational reptiles and wretched vermin,⁠ you sent upon them a multitude of irrational creatures to punish them,⁠ 16 that they might learn that by what things a man sins, by these he is punished.⁠ 17 For your all-powerful hand that created the world out of formless matter⁠ didn’t lack means to send upon them a multitude of bears, fierce lions, 18 or newly-created and unknown wild beasts, full of rage, either breathing out a blast of fiery breath, or belching out smoke, or flashing dreadful sparks from their eyes; 19 which had power not only to consume them by their violence, but to destroy them even by the terror of their sight. 20 Yes and without these they might have fallen by a single breath, being pursued by Justice, and scattered abroad by the breath of your power; but you arranged all things by measure, number, and weight.⁠ 21 For to be greatly strong is yours at all times. Who could withstand the might of your arm? 22 Because the whole world before you is as a grain in a balance, and as a drop of dew that comes down upon the earth in the morning. 23 But you have mercy on all men, because you have power to do all things,⁠ and you overlook the sins of men so that they may repent.⁠ 24 For you love all things that are, and abhor none of the things which you made; for you never would have formed anything if you hated it.⁠ 25 How would anything have endured unless you had willed it? Or that which was not called by you, how would it have been preserved? 26 But you spare all things, because they are yours, O Sovereign Lord, you who love the living.

Texts in conversation

Compare Testament of Gad 5:10 and Wisdom of Solomon 11:16

Pseudepigrapha, Testaments · Deuterocanon

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Summary

The Testament of Gad says that a person is punished by the very things they use to sin, a principle also expressed in the Wisdom of Solomon. Both apply a form of measure for measure justice based on traditions in the Torah.

Passages

Testament of Gad 5:10

Pseudepigrapha, Testaments · Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs
9 And the things it has not learned from anyone, it comes to know through repentance. 10 For God brought a disease of the liver upon me, and if the prayers of my father Jacob had not helped me, my spirit would almost certainly have departed. For by whatever things a person sins, by those same things he is also punished. 11 Since my liver had been set mercilessly against Joseph, in my liver too I suffered mercilessly, and I was judged for eleven months, the same length of time that I had been angry at Joseph.
100 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Testament of Gad

Wisdom of Solomon 11:16

Deuterocanon
14 For him who long before was thrown out and exposed they stopped mocking. In the end of what happened, they marveled, having thirsted in another manner than the righteous. 15 But in return for the senseless imaginings of their unrighteousness, by which they were led astray to worship irrational reptiles and wretched vermin, you sent upon them a multitude of irrational creatures to punish them, 16 that they might learn that by what things a man sins, by these he is punished. 17 For your all-powerful hand that created the world out of formless matter didn’t lack means to send upon them a multitude of bears, fierce lions,
50 BCE – 50 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Wisdom of Solomon

References

"... The aspect I wish to draw attention to, however, is that Salome is punished in that part of her body that she used to commit the sinful act, her hand. This idea is also well attested elsewhere. For example, in the Testament of Gad 5:9-11 we read the following statement by Gad ... Wisdom of Solomon 11:16 says: 'Those things through which a man sins, through them he is punished'. And in Pseudo-Philo's Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum 44:10, God says: 'To every man there will be such a punishment that in whatever sin he shall have sinned, in this he will be judged'. One could quote many more examples from Jewish pseudepigrapha (e.g. Jubilees 48:14) and also from rabbinic literature (e.g. Mishnah, Sotah 1:7-9; Tosefta, Sotah 3-4; Mekhilta, Be-Shalach 6) to illustrate that the principle of retaliation from the Torah (Exodus 21:23; Leviticus 24:18; Deuteronomy 19:21) was still very much adhered to. But this was the case not only in Jewish but also in Christian literature from the early centuries, witness not only our passage on Salome, but also several Christian apocalyptic writings from late antiquity ..."
Pieter W. van Der Horst, “Sex, Birth, Purity, and Ascetism in the Protevangelium Jacobi,” Neot 28.3 (1994): 205–218.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Testament of Gad 5:10 and Wisdom of Solomon 11:16

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