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Wisdom of Solomon

About this book

Wisdom Guides the Ancestors

Chapter 10

1 Wisdom guarded to the end the first formed father of the world, who was created alone, and delivered him out of his own transgression, 2 and gave him strength to rule over all things. 3 But when an unrighteous man fell away from her in his anger, he perished himself in the rage with which he killed his brother.⁠ 4 When because of him the earth was drowning with a flood, wisdom again saved it, guiding the righteous man’s course by a paltry piece of wood. 5 Moreover, when nations consenting together in wickedness had been confounded, wisdom knew the righteous man, and preserved him blameless to God, and kept him strong when his heart yearned toward his child.⁠ 6 While the ungodly were perishing, wisdom delivered a righteous man, when he fled from the fire that descended out of heaven on the five cities.⁠ 7 To whose wickedness a smoking waste still witnesses, and plants bearing fair fruit that doesn’t ripen, a disbelieving soul has a memorial: a standing pillar of salt.⁠ 8 For having passed wisdom by, not only were they disabled from recognising the things which are good, but they also left behind them for their life a monument of their folly, so that where they stumbled, they might fail even to be unseen; 9 but wisdom delivered those who waited on her out of troubles. 10 When a righteous man was a fugitive from a brother’s wrath, wisdom guided him in straight paths. She showed him God’s kingdom, and gave him knowledge of holy things.⁠ She prospered him in his toils, and multiplied the fruits of his labor. 11 When in their covetousness men dealt harshly with him, she stood by him and made him rich. 12 She guarded him from enemies, and she kept him safe from those who lay in wait. Over his severe conflict, she watched as judge, that he might know that godliness is more powerful than every one.⁠ 13 When a righteous man was sold, wisdom didn’t forsake him, but she delivered him from sin. She went down with him into a dungeon, 14 and in bonds she didn’t depart from him, until she brought him the sceptre of a kingdom, and authority over those that dealt like a tyrant with him. She also showed those who had mockingly accused him to be false, and gave him eternal glory.

Wisdom Delivers Israel from Egypt

15 Wisdom delivered a holy people and a blameless seed from a nation of oppressors. 16 She entered into the soul of a servant of the Lord, and withstood terrible kings in wonders and signs.⁠ 17 She rendered to holy men a reward of their toils.⁠ She guided them along a marvelous way, and became to them a covering in the daytime, and a starry flame through the night. 18 She brought them over the Red sea, and led them through much water; 19 but she drowned their enemies, and she cast them up from the bottom of the deep. 20 Therefore the righteous plundered the ungodly,⁠ and they sang praise to your holy name, O Lord, and extolled with one accord your hand that fought for them, 21 because wisdom opened the mouth of the mute, and made the tongues of babes speak clearly.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 12:35 and Exagoge 166 and Wisdom of Solomon 10:17

Hebrew Bible · Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry · Deuterocanon

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Summary

In Exodus, the Israelites plunder Egypt and take its silver and gold. In the Exagoge, a retelling of the Exodus as a Greek tragedy, and also in the Wisdom of Solomon, these goods are interpreted as a repayment for the Israelites' labor.

Passages

Exodus 12:35

Hebrew Bible
31 Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron in the night and said, “Get up, get out from among my people, both you and the Israelites! Go, serve the Lord as you have requested! 32 Also, take your flocks and your herds, just as you have requested, and leave. But bless me also.” 33 The Egyptians were urging the people on, in order to send them out of the land quickly, for they were saying, “We are all dead!” 34 So the people took their dough before the yeast was added, with their kneading troughs bound up in their clothing on their shoulders. 35 Now the Israelites had done as Moses told them—they had requested from the Egyptians silver and gold items and clothing. 36 The Lord gave the people favor in the sight of the Egyptians, and they gave them whatever they wanted, and so they plundered Egypt.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Exagoge 166

Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry · Ezekiel the Tragedian
156 Also order the people that in this month, 157 in the evening, before the full moon rises, 158 they are to sacrifice the Passover to God and mark the doorposts with blood. 159 Then my messenger of death will pass by. 160 Eat the meat roasted over the fire at night. 161 Then the king will drive your assembled people out in a hurry. 162 But before you go, I will give my people favor in the eyes of the Egyptians, 163 so that each woman will receive from her neighbor 164 all the vessels she needs, freely given: 165 silver and gold, and clothing fit to wear, 166 as repayment for what they have done.
200–101 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Exagoge

Wisdom of Solomon 10:17

Deuterocanon
15 Wisdom delivered a holy people and a blameless seed from a nation of oppressors. 16 She entered into the soul of a servant of the Lord, and withstood terrible kings in wonders and signs. 17 She rendered to holy men a reward of their toils. She guided them along a marvelous way, and became to them a covering in the daytime, and a starry flame through the night. 18 She brought them over the Red sea, and led them through much water; 19 but she drowned their enemies, and she cast them up from the bottom of the deep. 20 Therefore the righteous plundered the ungodly, and they sang praise to your holy name, O Lord, and extolled with one accord your hand that fought for them, 21 because wisdom opened the mouth of the mute, and made the tongues of babes speak clearly.
50 BCE – 50 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Wisdom of Solomon

References

“... (2) In Wisdom 10:17a Ps-Solomon reproduces an exegetical tradition that is fairly well attested in later sources (Enns, 53-55). This tradition concerns Exodus 12:35-36 (also Ex 3:21-22; 11:2-3), where the Israelites are said to plunder (Heb nṣl; Gk skyleuō) the Egyptians, and maintains that the plundering was justified, a payment for years of unpaid servitude. As Ps-Solomon puts it, “She rewarded holy ones for their labors.” This interpretive tradition is quite early, appearing in texts that likely predate Wisdom of Solomon: Jubilees 48:18, Philo’s Life of Moses 1.141, and Ezekiel the Tragedian’s Exagoge 162-166. It seems that a number of ancient interpreters found the Exodus passage problematic (perhaps in the face of anti-Semitic polemics, where the Israelites were labeled thieves [see Winston, 220]) and sought to justify Israel’s actions by claiming that it was “payment for services rendered.” Ps-Solomon’s passing comment in Wisdom 10:17a is another, and fairly straightforward, witness to this exegetical tradition. As with the previous example, this comment is brief and offered without explanation, suggesting again that it was well known by the time Ps-Solomon wrote. ...”
Tremper Longman and Peter Enns, Dictionary of the Old Testament: Wisdom, Poetry & Writings (Inter-Varsity, 2008), 889.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 12:35 and Exagoge 166 and Wisdom of Solomon 10:17

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