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Testament of Judah

Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs

About this book
Chapter 21

1 Now, my children, I command you: love Levi, so that you may endure, and do not exalt yourselves against him, or you will be utterly destroyed. 2 For the Lord gave the kingship to me and the priesthood to him, and he set the kingship beneath the priesthood.⁠ 3 To me he gave the things on the earth, and to him the things in the heavens. 4 As heaven is higher than the earth, so the priesthood of God is higher than the earthly kingdom, unless it falls away from the Lord through sin and is dominated by the earthly kingdom. 5 For the angel of the Lord said to me: The Lord chose him rather than you, to draw near to him, to eat at his table, and to offer him the firstfruits of the choicest gifts of the sons of Israel. But you will be king of Jacob. 6 You will be among them like the sea. 7 For just as on the sea the righteous and the unrighteous are tossed about, some taken captive and some enriched, so every kind of person will be in you: some will be made poor and taken captive, and others will grow rich by plundering the possessions of others. 8 For the kings will be like sea monsters. 9 They will swallow people like fish. They will enslave the sons and daughters of free men. They will plunder houses, lands, flocks, and money. They will wrongfully feed the ravens and the cranes with the flesh of many. They will grow worse in evil, lifted up by greed, and there will be false prophets like storms, and they will persecute all the righteous.

Texts in conversation

Compare Jubilees 31:13 and Testament of Judah 21:2

Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions · Pseudepigrapha, Testaments

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Summary

In Jubilees, Isaac takes Levi by his right hand and blesses him before Judah, ranking the priesthood above the king. The Testament of Judah makes this explicit, with Judah saying God set the kings beneath the priesthood.

Passages

Jubilees 31:13

Pseudepigrapha, Hebrew Bible Expansions
12 And the spirit of prophecy came down into his mouth, and he took Levi by his right hand and Judah by his left. 13 And he turned to Levi first, and began to bless him first, and said to him: May the God of all, the very Lord of all the ages, bless you and your children throughout all the ages. 14 And may the Lord give to you and to your descendants greatness and great glory, and cause you and your descendants, from among all flesh, to approach Him to serve in His sanctuary as the angels of the presence and as the holy ones. (Even) as they, the descendants of your sons shall be for glory and greatness and holiness, and may He make them great to all the ages.
170–125 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Jubilees

Testament of Judah 21:2

Pseudepigrapha, Testaments · Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs
1 Now, my children, I command you: love Levi, so that you may endure, and do not exalt yourselves against him, or you will be utterly destroyed. 2 For the Lord gave the kingship to me and the priesthood to him, and he set the kingship beneath the priesthood. 3 To me he gave the things on the earth, and to him the things in the heavens. 4 As heaven is higher than the earth, so the priesthood of God is higher than the earthly kingdom, unless it falls away from the Lord through sin and is dominated by the earthly kingdom.
100 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Testament of Judah

References

... According to Testament of Judah 21:2-4a, Judah himself recognized the situation: “For to me the Lord gave the kingship and to him the priesthood, and he set the kingship beneath the priesthood. To me he gave the things upon the earth, to him the things in the heavens. As heaven is higher than the earth, so is the priesthood of God higher than the kingship on the earth” (compare 25:1-2). ...
James C. VanderKam, Jubilees 2: A Commentary on the Book of Jubilees Chapters 22-50 (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2018), 858.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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