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Testament of Dan

Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs

About this book
Chapter 6

1 Now fear the Lord, my children, and beware of Satan and his spirits.⁠ 2 Draw near to God and to the angel who intercedes for you, for he is a mediator between God and humanity,⁠ and for the peace of Israel he will stand against the kingdom of the enemy. 3 This is why the enemy is eager to destroy all who call on the Lord. 4 For he knows that on the day Israel repents, the kingdom of the enemy will be brought to an end. 5 For the angel of peace himself will strengthen Israel,⁠ so that it does not fall into the depths of evil. 6 In the time of Israel's lawlessness, the Lord will not depart from them, but will transform them into a nation that does his will, for none of the angels will be equal to him. 7 His name will be in every place in Israel and among the Gentiles. 8 So keep yourselves, my children, from every evil deed. Cast away anger and all lying, and love truth and patience. 9 And the things you have heard from your father, pass on to your children as well, so that the Savior of the Gentiles may receive you, for he is true and patient, gentle and humble, and teaches the law of God by his works. 10 So turn away from all unrighteousness and hold fast to the righteousness of God, and your descendants will be saved forever. 11 And bury me near my fathers.

Texts in conversation

Compare Testament of Dan 6:2 and Galatians 3:19

Pseudepigrapha, Testaments · New Testament

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Summary

In Galatians, Paul refers to a mediator used to give the Torah, a detail similar to Jewish traditions that developed in the Second Temple period, such as the Testament of Dan, where an angel mediates between God and Israel.

Passages

Testament of Dan 6:2

Pseudepigrapha, Testaments · Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs
1 Now fear the Lord, my children, and beware of Satan and his spirits. 2 Draw near to God and to the angel who intercedes for you, for he is a mediator between God and humanity, and for the peace of Israel he will stand against the kingdom of the enemy. 3 This is why the enemy is eager to destroy all who call on the Lord. 4 For he knows that on the day Israel repents, the kingdom of the enemy will be brought to an end.
100 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Testament of Dan

Galatians 3:19

New Testament
18 For if the inheritance is based on the law, it is no longer based on the promise, but God graciously gave it to Abraham through the promise. 19 Why then was the law given? It was added because of transgressions, until the arrival of the descendant to whom the promise had been made. It was administered through angels by an intermediary. 20 Now an intermediary is not for one party alone, but God is one. 21 Is the law therefore opposed to the promises of God? Absolutely not! For if a law had been given that was able to give life, then righteousness would certainly have come by the law.
48–55 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Galatians

References

"... The LXX in Job 9:33 had used the term to bemoan the absence of someone to officiate between man and God. Anthony Hanson unconvincingly posits Job 9:33 as the main background here (“The Mediator: 1 Timothy 2:5-6,” in Studies in the Pastoral Epistles [London: S.P.C.K., 1968] 56-64). Philo had made considerable use of µεσίτης and cognates in his voluminous speculations about the existence of various cosmic and angelic intermediaries between God and human beings. The Mithra cult and other Greco-Roman religions also made liberal use of the term in their various mediatorial theologies. See also the Testament of Dan 6:2 concerning angelic mediators which might have influenced Paul himself in Galatians 3:19-20. The term is predicated elsewhere of Christ (Hebrews 8:6; 9:15; 12:24) but with reference specifically to priestly sacrifice and thus not at issue in 1 Timothy 2:5-6 ..."
Peter Dunstan Brown, “The Use of Ransom Language in 1 Timothy 2:1–7 and Titus 2:11–14” (PhD diss., The Catholic University of America, 2014), 100.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Testament of Dan 6:2 and Galatians 3:19

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