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Testament of Asher

Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs

About this book
Chapter 1

1 A record of what Asher told his sons in the hundred and twenty-fifth year of his life. 2 While he was still in good health, he said to them: Listen, children of Asher, to your father, and I will declare to you all that is upright in the sight of the Lord. 3 God has given two ways to humanity, two inclinations, two kinds of action, two ways of acting, and two outcomes.⁠ 4 So all things come in pairs, one set against the other. 5 For there are two ways, of good and of evil, and with them are the two inclinations within us that tell them apart. 6 So if the soul takes pleasure in the good inclination, all its actions are righteous, and if it sins, it repents at once. 7 For with its thoughts set on righteousness and casting away wickedness, it immediately overthrows the evil and uproots the sin. 8 But if it leans toward the evil inclination, all its actions are wicked; it drives away the good, clings to the evil, and is ruled by Beliar. Even when it does something good, Beliar twists it into evil. 9 For whenever it begins to do good, Beliar forces the outcome of the action into evil for him, since the storehouse of his inclination is filled with an evil spirit.

Texts in conversation

Compare 1 Enoch 91:18 and Testament of Asher 1:3

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · Pseudepigrapha, Testaments

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Summary

1 Enoch 91 and the Testament of Asher describe humanity given a choice between the paths of righteousness and violence, based on Deuteronomy 30 and the call to obey the covenant and choose between life and death.

Passages

1 Enoch 91:18

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
16 And the first heaven will depart and pass away, and a new heaven will appear, and all the powers of the heavens will give sevenfold light. 17 And after that there will be many weeks without number forever, and all will be in goodness and righteousness, and sin will no longer be mentioned forever. 18 And now I tell you, my sons, and show you the paths of righteousness and the paths of violence. Yes, I will show them to you again so that you may know what will happen. 19 And now, listen to me, my sons, and walk in the paths of righteousness, and do not walk in the paths of violence; for all who walk in the paths of unrighteousness shall perish forever.'
300 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Enoch

Testament of Asher 1:3

Pseudepigrapha, Testaments · Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs
1 A record of what Asher told his sons in the hundred and twenty-fifth year of his life. 2 While he was still in good health, he said to them: Listen, children of Asher, to your father, and I will declare to you all that is upright in the sight of the Lord. 3 God has given two ways to humanity, two inclinations, two kinds of action, two ways of acting, and two outcomes. 4 So all things come in pairs, one set against the other. 5 For there are two ways, of good and of evil, and with them are the two inclinations within us that tell them apart.
100 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Testament of Asher

References

"... in the Testament of Asher 1:3-5, the duality of existence as part of the created order is clearly connected with the Two Ways scheme ... In 1 Enoch (or the Ethiopic Enoch) 91:18-19, a contrast is drawn between the ways of righteousness and the ways of wickedness ..."
Huub van de Sandt and David Flusser, The Didache: Its Jewish Sources and Its Place in Early Judaism and Christianity, Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum, Section 3: Jewish Traditions in Early Christian Literature 5 (Assen: Royal Van Gorcum, 2002), 189.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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1 Enoch 91:18 and Testament of Asher 1:3

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