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Testament of Abraham

About this book
Chapter 13

1 Abraham said: My Lord chief-captain, who is this most marvelous judge? And who are the angels who write things down? And who is the angel like the sun, holding the balance? And who is the fiery angel holding the fire? The chief-captain said: Do you see, most holy Abraham, the terrifying man sitting on the throne? This is the son of Adam, the first created, the one called Abel, whom the wicked Cain killed. He sits there to judge all creation, and he examines righteous people and sinners. For God has said: I will not judge you, but every person born of a man will be judged. So he has given judgment to him, to judge the world until his great and glorious coming, and then, righteous Abraham, comes the perfect judgment and repayment, eternal and unchangeable, which no one can alter. 2 Every person has come from the first created, and so they are judged here first by his son, and at the second coming they will be judged by the twelve tribes of Israel, every breathing thing and every creature. But the third time they will be judged by the Lord God of all, and then the end of that judgment is near, and the sentence is terrifying, and there is no one to rescue them. So the judgment of the world and the repayment is carried out by three courts, and for this reason a matter is not finally confirmed by one or two witnesses, but everything is established by three witnesses. 3 The two angels on the right and on the left are the ones who write down the sins and the righteous deeds; the one on the right writes down the righteous deeds, and the one on the left the sins.⁠ The angel like the sun, holding the balance in his hand, is the archangel Dokiel, the just weigher, and he weighs the righteous deeds and the sins with the righteousness of God. The fiery and merciless angel, holding the fire in his hand, is the archangel Puruel, who has power over fire and tests what people have done by fire. If the fire consumes anyone's work, the angel of judgment immediately seizes him and carries him away to the place of sinners, a most bitter place of punishment. 4 But if the fire approves someone's work and does not take hold of it, that person is justified, and the angel of righteousness takes him and carries him up to be saved among the righteous. So, most righteous Abraham, everything in everyone is tested by fire and by the balance.

Texts in conversation

Compare Apocalypse of Zephaniah 3:6 and Testament of Abraham 13:3

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · Pseudepigrapha, Testaments

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Summary

In the Apocalypse of Zephaniah, one set of angels records good deeds while the accuser’s angels record their sins. The Testament of Abraham follows a similar tradition, with an angel on the right writing good deeds and one on the left the sins.

Passages

Apocalypse of Zephaniah 3:6

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
5 Then I saw two more angels weeping over the three sons of Joatham the priest. 6 I said to the angel, "Who are these?" He answered, "These are the angels of the Lord Almighty, who write down all the good deeds of the righteous in their scrolls while they sit at the gate of heaven. 7 And I take the scrolls from them and bring them before the Lord Almighty, so that he may write their name in the Book of the Living. 8 But the angels of the accuser, who is on the earth, also write down all the sins of people in their scrolls. 9 They too sit at the gate of heaven, and they report the sins to the accuser, so that he may write them in his scroll and accuse the people when they come down here out of the world."
100 BCE – 175 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Apocalypse of Zephaniah

Testament of Abraham 13:3

Pseudepigrapha, Testaments
2 Every person has come from the first created, and so they are judged here first by his son, and at the second coming they will be judged by the twelve tribes of Israel, every breathing thing and every creature. But the third time they will be judged by the Lord God of all, and then the end of that judgment is near, and the sentence is terrifying, and there is no one to rescue them. So the judgment of the world and the repayment is carried out by three courts, and for this reason a matter is not finally confirmed by one or two witnesses, but everything is established by three witnesses. 3 The two angels on the right and on the left are the ones who write down the sins and the righteous deeds; the one on the right writes down the righteous deeds, and the one on the left the sins. The angel like the sun, holding the balance in his hand, is the archangel Dokiel, the just weigher, and he weighs the righteous deeds and the sins with the righteousness of God. The fiery and merciless angel, holding the fire in his hand, is the archangel Puruel, who has power over fire and tests what people have done by fire. If the fire consumes anyone's work, the angel of judgment immediately seizes him and carries him away to the place of sinners, a most bitter place of punishment. 4 But if the fire approves someone's work and does not take hold of it, that person is justified, and the angel of righteousness takes him and carries him up to be saved among the righteous. So, most righteous Abraham, everything in everyone is tested by fire and by the balance.
100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Testament of Abraham

References

... The Testament of Abraham (both recensions), 2 Enoch, and the Apocalypse of Zephaniah, and 2 Baruch are to the best of my knowledge the only texts that mention a book of good deeds in addition to a book of wicked ones. In 2 Enoch, the scribe notes that ‘I have set down the achievements of each person in the writings’ (50:1). The Testament of Abraham (Recension A) and the Apocalypse of Zephaniah explicitly juxtapose the two types of books with angels, in the Testament of Abraham by contrasting the angel on the right and the angel on the left, and in the Apocalypse of Zephaniah by contrasting two corresponding sets of angels, the angels of the Lord Almighty and the angels of the accuser, who record good and evil deeds, respectively. ...
Leslie A. Baynes, The Heavenly Book Motif in Judeo-Christian Apocalypses, 200 B.C.E.–200 C.E., Journal for the Study of Judaism 152 (Leiden: Brill, 2012), 100–101.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Apocalypse of Zephaniah 3:6 and Testament of Abraham 13:3

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