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Targum Psalms

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Psalm 50

1 A hymn composed by Asaph. Mighty is God; the Lord spoke at the Creation a song; and he carved out the earth from the rising of the sun to its setting. 2 The perfection and the beginning of the eternal creation is from Zion; and from there its beauty is complete, God will be revealed. 3 The righteous will say on the great day of judgment, “Our God will come, and he will not neglect to vindicate his people”; fire will blaze before him, and around him a storm will rage mightily. 4 He will call to the angels of the height above, and to the righteous of the earth below, to extend judgment to his people. 5 Gather to me, my pious ones, who have made my covenant, and fulfilled my Torah, and have engaged in prayer, which is likened to a sacrifice. 6 And the angels of the height will recount his righteousness, for God is the judge forever. 7 Hear, O my people, and I will speak, O Israel; and I will testify to you; I am God, your God. 8 I am not rebuking you on account of your sacrifices that you did not offer before me in exile, for your holocausts that your fathers offered are in front of me always. 9 From the day that my sanctuary was laid waste, I have not accepted a bull from your hands, or rams from your flock. 10 For mine are all the animals of the forest, and I have prepared for the righteous in the Garden of Eden clean beasts and a wild bull who grazes every day on a thousand mountains.⁠ 11 Manifest before me are all the kinds of birds who fly in the air of heaven; and the rooster whose legs rest on the earth, while his head reaches to heaven, rejoicing before me. 12 If the time of the continual morning sacrifice should arrive, I would not tell you; for mine is the earth and its fullness. 13 From the day my sanctuary was laid waste, I have not accepted the flesh of the sacrifice of fatlings, and the priests have not sprinkled the blood of rams before me. 14 Subdue the evil impulse and it will be reckoned before the Lord as a sacrifice of thanksgiving; and pay to the Most High your vows. 15 And pray in my presence in the day of trouble; I will save you, for you will glorify me. 16 But to the wicked who has not repented, and prays in impiety, the Lord says, “Why do you recite my covenant, and swear by my name, and invoke my covenant with your mouth?” 17 But you hate the rebuke of the wise, and you have cast my words behind you. 18 If you saw a thief, you ran after him; and you have placed your portion with adulterers. 19 You have loosened your mouth to utter evil speech; and your tongue adheres to speaking deceit. 20 You will sit with your brother, you will speak lies against your mother’s son, you will cast aspersions. 21 These bad deeds you did and I waited for you to repent; you thought you would be at peace forever; you said in your heart, “I will be strong like you”; I will rebuke you in this world, and I will prepare the judgment of Gehenna before you in the world to come. 22 Now understand this, you wicked who have forgotten God, lest I break your might, with no one to save. 23 He who sacrifices the evil impulse, it will be reckoned to him like a sacrifice of thanksgiving, and he honors me; and whoever will remove the evil way, I will show him the redemption of the Lord.

Texts in conversation

Compare 2 Baruch 29:4 and Targum Psalms 50:10

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · Targum

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Summary

2 Baruch says Leviathan and Behemoth will appear in the messianic age as food for the righteous. This follows a tradition where these creatures are revealed at the end and may reflect an early form of an Aramaic tradition in the Targum of Psalm 50.

Passages

2 Baruch 29:4

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch
2 For at that time I will protect only those who are found in those self-same days in this land. 3 And it shall come to pass when all is accomplished that was to come to pass in those parts, that the Messiah shall then begin to be revealed. 4 And Behemoth shall be revealed from his place and Leviathan shall ascend from the sea, those two great monsters which I created on the fifth day of creation, and have kept until that time; and then they shall be for food for all that are left. 5 The earth also shall yield its fruit ten thousandfold and on each vine there shall be a thousand branches, and each branch shall produce a thousand clusters, and each cluster produce a thousand grapes, and each grape produce a cor of wine. 6 And those who have hungered shall rejoice: moreover, also, they shall behold marvels every day.
70–135 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 2 Baruch

Targum Psalms 50:10

Targum
8 I am not rebuking you on account of your sacrifices that you did not offer before me in exile, for your holocausts that your fathers offered are in front of me always. 9 From the day that my sanctuary was laid waste, I have not accepted a bull from your hands, or rams from your flock. 10 For mine are all the animals of the forest, and I have prepared for the righteous in the Garden of Eden clean beasts and a wild bull who grazes every day on a thousand mountains. 11 Manifest before me are all the kinds of birds who fly in the air of heaven; and the rooster whose legs rest on the earth, while his head reaches to heaven, rejoicing before me. 12 If the time of the continual morning sacrifice should arrive, I would not tell you; for mine is the earth and its fullness.
200–600 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Targum Psalms

References

“... The first source of food that benefits the remnant is meat. Behemoth will be revealed “from his place” (men atreh) and Leviathan will emerge from the sea (29:4). According to 2Bar. 29:4, these two monsters (tanine) have been kept until the end to become food (mekultā) for the remnant. 2Baruch thus describes Behemoth and Leviathan explicitly as sources of nutrition. 4Ezra 6:49–52, 1 En. 60:7–9, 24–25, and the Lev Rab. 13:3 confirm the destiny of Behemoth and Leviathan. These accounts all claim that the two primordial monsters were preserved for nutrition purposes. [...] Leviathan is described explicitly as food in Pss 74:12–14 and 104:26–27. Cf. Leviathan as nutrition for the righteous in b. B. Bat. 75a; b. Pesaḥ 119b. Cf. also Gen 1:21; Targum Ps 50:10 and Pirqe R. El. 11 ...”
Liv Ingeborg Lied, The Other Lands of Israel: Imaginations of the Land in 2 Baruch, JSJSup 129 (Leiden: Brill, 2008), 213.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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2 Baruch 29:4 and Targum Psalms 50:10

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