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Targum Psalms

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Psalm 91

1 He who makes his presence abide in secret is the Most High; he will lodge in the shadow of the clouds of the glory of Shaddai. 2 David said: “I will say to the Lord, ‘My confidence and my strong fortress’; my God, I will trust in his word.” 3 For he will deliver you, Solomon my son, from the snare and the obstacle, from death and confusion. 4 With the shelter of his presence he will shelter you, and you will be confident under the shelter of his glory; his faithfulness is a shield and buckler. 5 Be not afraid of the terror of demons who walk at night,⁠ of the arrow of the angel of death that he looses during the day;⁠ 6 Of the death that walks in darkness, of the band of demons that attacks at noon. 7 You will invoke the holy name; a thousand will fall at your left side, and ten thousand at your right; they will not come near you to do harm. 8 Only with your eyes you will watch, and you will see the wicked as they are destroyed. 9 Solomon answered and said: “For you are my confidence, O Lord; in the highest dwelling place you have placed the house of your presence.” 10 The lord of the world responded and thus he said: “No harm shall happen to you; and no plague or demon shall come near to your tents.” 11 For he will command his angels concerning you to guard you in all your ways. 12 They will lift you up by their strength, lest you stumble on the evil impulse, which is likened to the stones at your feet. 13 You will trample on the lions’ whelp and the adder; you will tread down the lion and the viper. 14 Because he has taken pleasure in my word, and I will deliver him; I will exalt him because he knows my name. 15 He will pray in my presence and I will answer him; I am with him in distress, I will save him and glorify him. 16 I will satisfy him with length of days; I will show him my redemption.

Texts in conversation

Compare Matthew 4:6 and Targum Psalm 91:5

New Testament · Targum

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Summary

In Matthew, the devil quotes Psalm 91 to Jesus. In the Aramaic translation of Targum Psalms, Psalm 91 is interpreted to be about protection from demons, an ironic interpretation compared to its use by the devil in the gospels.

Passages

Matthew 4:6

New Testament
5 Then the devil took him to the holy city, had him stand on the highest point of the temple, 6 and said to him, “If you are the Son of God, throw yourself down. For it is written, ‘He will command his angels concerning you’ and ‘with their hands they will lift you up, so that you will not strike your foot against a stone.’” 7 Jesus said to him, “Once again it is written: ‘You are not to put the Lord your God to the test.’”
70–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Matthew

Targum Psalm 91:5

Targum
5 Be not afraid of the terror of demons who walk at night, of the arrow of the angel of death that he looses during the day; 6 Of the death that walks in darkness, of the band of demons that attacks at noon. 7 You will invoke the holy name; a thousand will fall at your left side, and ten thousand at your right; they will not come near you to do harm. 8 Only with your eyes you will watch, and you will see the wicked as they are destroyed. 9 Solomon answered and said: “For you are my confidence, O Lord; in the highest dwelling place you have placed the house of your presence.” 10 The lord of the world responded and thus he said: “No harm shall happen to you; and no plague or demon shall come near to your tents.” 11 For he will command his angels concerning you to guard you in all your ways.
200–600 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Targum Psalms

References

“... While the Hebrew text of Psalm 91 asserts that those who God protects will not need to fear darkness or agricultural destruction, the Aramaic version is replete with references to demons of various kinds: [...] Matthew’s use of Ps 91:11-12 in Mt 4:6 has affinities with the targumic references to demons insofar as the evangelist puts the psalm on the lips of “the devil” [...], also called “Satan” [...]. The devil takes Jesus to the highest point of the Temple and tells him, “If you are the Son of God… throw yourself down. For it is written, ‘He will command his angels concerning you, and they will lift you up in their hands, so that you will not strike your foot against a stone’ (Ps 91:11-12).” The fact that Gospel has the devil cite Psalm 91 not only shows that its writer understands the psalm similarly to the targumist—i.e., as a text associated with demonic forces—but also that Matthew recalls the verses prior to those quoted, which state that “you shall not be afraid” of said demons (cf. TgPs 91:5-6): Matthew has Satan recite a psalm that, in its targumic translation, explicitly takes authority away from him so that there is no reason for Matthew’s Jesus, or Matthew’s readers, to be afraid of the devil. However, where the similarities between Matthew and the Targum end, differences begin: (1) the Targum references multiple demons, whereas Matthew has a single devil; (2) Matthew cites words (v. 12) of the psalm that do not contain reference to demons in the Targum; (3) the evangelist applies this verse to Jesus, “Son of God,” but the Targum has no reference to any kind of messianic or divine figure. ...”
Nicholas J. Schaser, “Matthew and the Rabbis: Symbol and Scripture in Gospel and Midrash” (PhD diss., Vanderbilt University, 2017), 102–103.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Matthew 4:6 and Targum Psalm 91:5

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