1 For praise, of David. A hymn and song.
2 God will arise, his enemies will be scattered, and his foes will flee from his presence.
3 Just as the smoke is driven out, they will be driven; just as wax will melt in the presence of fire, the wicked will perish in the presence of God.
4 And the righteous will rejoice and exult in the presence of the Lord, and they will rejoice joyfully.
5 Give praise in the presence of God, praise his glorious name; magnify the one who sits on his glorious throne in Araboth; Yah is his name; and be glad in his presence.
6 Father of the orphans, and judge of widows – such is God in the dwelling place of his holy presence.
7 God, who makes matches, joining the solitary to mates; who brought out the house of Israel, who were bound in Egypt; for the correct deeds of their fathers
Go to Related Reading
About this book
Targum Psalms
Psalm 68
Targum Psalms150 psalms
Use the arrow keys to move between chapters, Home or End to reach the first or last chapter, and Enter to open a chapter.
Texts in conversation
Compare Ephesians 4:8 and Targum Psalm 68:19
New Testament · Targum
Summary
Passages
Ephesians 4:8
New TestamentTargum Psalm 68:19
TargumReferences
References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.
Your feedback
Comments
Today in my daily reading Psalm 68 came up again, and it stirred up the same frustration I’ve always had. I’ve always wondered, what in the world is Paul getting at in Eph 4:8, and how is he using Psalm 68:18? When you look at the Hebrew and the LXX it reads “received gifts,” not “gave.” That always ...
Today in my daily reading Psalm 68 came up again, and it stirred up the same frustration I’ve always had. I’ve always wondered, what in the world is Paul getting at in Eph 4:8, and how is he using Psalm 68:18? When you look at the Hebrew and the LXX it reads “received gifts,” not “gave.” That always confused me.But then in my reading I checked the Aramaic Targum to Psalms 68:19 and, to my shock, it says “gave” instead of “received,” just like Paul in Ephesians:
19 You ascended to the firmament, O prophet Moses; you captured captives, you taught the words of Torah, you gave gifts to the sons of men, and even the stubborn who are converted turn in repentance, [and] the glorious presence of the Lord God abides upon them.
https://intertextual.bible/text/targum-psalm-68.18-ephesians-4.8
https://www.sefaria.org/Psalms.68.19?lang=bi&with=Aramaic%20Targum%20to%20Psalms
When I saw how the Targum (the ancient Aramaic paraphrase) was framing the psalm and how that might work with Paul, I was shocked. The way the Targum interprets it is that Moses ascended Sinai, received Torah, and then gave it, even for the rebellious. Paul may be drawing on that same tradition but applies it to Jesus. Just as Moses gave Torah, Christ ascended and gave the Spirit and ministries.
The pattern is:
• Moses ascended Sinai and gave Torah to Israel, even the rebellious, so that they could repent and learn.
• Christ ascended and gave the Spirit and ministries to the original apostolic community, anchoring the authority of their teaching.
• Through that apostolic teaching about the Messiah, the other messianic communities are discipled and united to Him through the Spirit, no longer tossed around by other teaching and philosophies.
Paul unpacks this later in the chapter: “So this I say, and affirm together with the Lord, that you walk no longer just as the Gentiles also walk, in the futility of their mind, being darkened in their understanding, excluded from the life of God because of the ignorance that is in them, because of the hardness of their heart” (Eph 4:17–18).
So just as the Targum shows Moses giving Torah even to the rebellious so they might repent and learn, Paul shows Christ giving gifts to bring the Gentiles, who walk in futility, ignorance, and hardness of heart, into the life of God through the apostolic teaching about the Messiah and by being united to Him through the Spirit.
Bryan Butler, September 10, 2025