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Targum Psalms

About this book
Psalm 68

1 For praise, of David. A hymn and song. 2 God will arise, his enemies will be scattered, and his foes will flee from his presence. 3 Just as the smoke is driven out, they will be driven; just as wax will melt in the presence of fire, the wicked will perish in the presence of God. 4 And the righteous will rejoice and exult in the presence of the Lord, and they will rejoice joyfully. 5 Give praise in the presence of God, praise his glorious name; magnify the one who sits on his glorious throne in Araboth; Yah is his name; and be glad in his presence. 6 Father of the orphans, and judge of widows – such is God in the dwelling place of his holy presence. 7 God, who makes matches, joining the solitary to mates; who brought out the house of Israel, who were bound in Egypt; for the correct deeds of their fathers in public procession;⁠ but Pharaoh and his armies, who refused to let them go, dwelt in thirst. 8 O God, when you went forth in a pillar of cloud and in a pillar of fire before your people, when you traveled in the wilderness of Jeshimon forever, when you gave the Torah to your people – 9 The earth shook, also the heavens dropped dew in the presence of the Lord; as for this Sinai, its smoke went up like the smoke of a furnace before the Lord, God of Israel, was manifested upon it. 10 When the house of Israel heard the voice of your power, their souls flew away; at once he made to descend upon them the dew of resurrection; O God, you brought the favorable rain to your inheritance, and you supported the assembly which was exhausted. 11 You caused your vigor to go back to it; you appointed a troop of angels to do good to the poor of God. 12 The Lord gave the words of Torah to his people; truly, Moses and Aaron [were] proclaiming the word of God to the great army. 13 Kingdoms with their armies went into exile from their palaces, and the wise were exiled from their knowledge; but the assembly of Israel divides the spoil from heaven. 14  If you wicked kings lay down among the rubbish heaps, the assembly of Israel, likened to a dove flying in the clouds of glory, divides the spoil of the Egyptians – silver that is refined, and her treasures full of pure gold. Another Targum: If you wicked kings sleep in the theatres, which are likened to rubbish heaps, behold, the sons of the assembly of Israel, which are likened to the wings of a dove, are covered with the words of Torah, which are likened to silver, and her scholars, which are likened to the pinions of a young dove in pure gold. 15 When she spread her hands over the sea in prayer, Shaddai abased kingdoms, and on her account clouded over Gehinnom like snow; he delivered them from the shadow of death. Another Targum: Because of this, when the priests spread their hands and bless the people of Israel, Shaddai agrees with them and kings are subdued beneath them; and because of their merits, their sins are made white as snow, and Gehinnom is cooled for the wicked who have received punishment in their children and have repented of their bad deeds. 16 Mount Moriah, the place where the patriarchs worshipped in the presence of the Lord, was chosen for the building of the sanctuary; and Mount Sinai for the giving of Torah; Mount Mathnan, Mount Tabor, and Carmel were disqualified, and a hump was made for them like Mount Mathnan. Another Targum: Mount Moriah was chosen first for the worship of the patriarchs in the presence of the Lord, and was chosen second for the building there of the sanctuary; and Mount Sinai was pulled up from there and chosen third for the Torah; Mount Buthnin was removed and set far away; Mount Tabor – a miracle was performed there for Barak and Deborah; Mount Carmel – miracles were performed there for Elijah the prophet. And they were racing, one against the other, and arguing one with the other. One said, “On me the presence shall abide,” and the other would say, “On me the presence will abide.” And the Lord of the World, who sharpens the proud and rebellious with the humble, struck them down and they were disqualified. A hump was made for them like Mount Buthnin. 17 God said, Why do you leap, O mountains? It is not my will to give the Torah on proud, contemptuous mountains. Behold, Mount Sinai which is humble; the word of the Lord desires to place his presence upon it; [but] in the highest heaven the Lord will abide forever. 18 The chariots of God are two myriads of burning fire, two thousand angels guiding them; the presence of the Lord rests on them, on the mountain of Sinai, in holiness. 19 You ascended to the firmament, O prophet Moses; you captured captives, you taught the words of Torah, you gave gifts to the sons of men, and even the stubborn who are converted turn in repentance, [and] the glorious presence of the Lord God abides upon them.⁠ 20 Blessed be the Lord, every day he weighs us down, adding commandments to commandments; the mighty one, who is our redemption and our helper forever. 21 God is for us might and redemption; and from God the Lord death and loss of breath are inflicted on the wicked through suffocation. 22 Truly God will break the heads of his enemies, he will make fall out the hair of the man who keeps walking in his sins. 23 The Lord says, “I will bring back the righteous who have died and been eaten by wild beasts from Buthnin; I will bring back the righteous who have drowned in the depths of the sea.” 24 So that they will see the punishment of the wicked, they will dip their feet in the blood of the slain; the tongue of the wild beast will grow fat from their plumpness, some of them will be sated on the enemies. 25 The house of Israel has seen the paths of your presence on the sea, O God; they say, “The paths of God, king of all the world in holiness!” 26 They rose up early and uttered a song after Moses and Aaron who were playing melodies before them, in the midst of the righteous women who were with Miriam playing timbrels. 27 In the midst of the assemblies, bless God, exalt the Lord, O fetuses in the bellies of their mothers, O seed of Israel! 28 There Benjamin, least of the tribes, who first of all went into the sea -- because of this, he received kingship; and after them went down the princes of Judah; the tribes stoned them with stones, and they received dominion after them; the princes of Zebulun were their merchants, and the princes of Naphtali were their warriors. 29 God has commanded your strength; be strong, O God, abide in this sanctuary you have made for us! 30 From your temple you will accept sacrifices; your presence abides on Jerusalem; from their palaces the kings will bring to you sacrifices. 31 Rebuke the armies of sinners, shatter them like reeds, the assembly of warriors who trust in calves, the idols of the Gentiles. His favor is toward the people who are occupied willingly in the Torah, which is purer than silver. Scatter the peoples who desire to wage war! 32 The children of Ham, the Osmani(?), will come from Egypt to be converted; the children of Cush will run to spread their hands in prayer before God. 33 O kingdoms of the earth, sing praise in the presence of the Lord, sing praise to the Lord forever. 34 To the one who sits on his throne in the heaven of heavens; in the beginning he, by his command, gave through his voice the voice of the spirit of prophecy to the prophets. 35 Ascribe the glory of strength to God, whose excellence is over Israel, and whose strength is in heaven. 36 Fearful is God, from your sanctuary; the mighty one of Israel has given strength and might to his people. Blessed be God!

Texts in conversation

Compare Ephesians 4:8 and Targum Psalm 68:19

New Testament · Targum

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Summary

Ephesians reads Psalm 68 similarly to the Aramaic translation in the Targum by changing God receiving gifts into God giving them. In the Targum, Moses ascends and gives gifts through teaching the Torah. Ephesians may follow a similar Aramaic tradition.

Passages

Ephesians 4:8

New Testament
4 There is one body and one Spirit, just as you too were called to the one hope of your calling, 5 one Lord, one faith, one baptism, 6 one God and Father of all, who is over all and through all and in all. 7 But to each one of us grace was given according to the measure of Christ’s gift. 8 Therefore it says, “When he ascended on high he captured captives; he gave gifts to men.” 9 Now what is the meaning of “he ascended,” except that he also descended to the lower regions, namely, the earth?
90–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Ephesians

Targum Psalm 68:19

Targum
18 The chariots of God are two myriads of burning fire, two thousand angels guiding them; the presence of the Lord rests on them, on the mountain of Sinai, in holiness. 19 You ascended to the firmament, O prophet Moses; you captured captives, you taught the words of Torah, you gave gifts to the sons of men, and even the stubborn who are converted turn in repentance, [and] the glorious presence of the Lord God abides upon them. 20 Blessed be the Lord, every day he weighs us down, adding commandments to commandments; the mighty one, who is our redemption and our helper forever. 21 God is for us might and redemption; and from God the Lord death and loss of breath are inflicted on the wicked through suffocation.
200–600 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Targum Psalms

References

“... It is clear that the text cited and commented on in this passage is a form of Ps 67(68):19, one, however, which is not that of the Hebrew text or of the Septuagint. The Hebrew has a very obscure text in verse 17(18)c: literally “The Lord among them Sinai in the holy (place)” (NRSV: “The Lord came from Sinai into the holy place”), rendered in the Greek as: “The Lord is among them, in Sinai in the holy place.” This is followed by words addressed to an unnamed person: “You ascended on high; you took captivity captive; you received (from the root lqḥ) gifts for men” (with the singular/collective “man,” b-’adam; or “among men”). The ending is rendered more or less literally in the Septuagint: “. . . you have received gifts for (or: among) man (elabes domata en anthrōpō). The text in Ephesians understands the psalm passage as “giving, distributing” rather then “receiving,” probably reading a Hebrew root ḥlq (“divide, distribute”) instead of lqḥ. This is the understanding and rendering of the passage we find in the Targum of Psalms, which is also that of the rabbinic commentary on this book. [...] The unnamed person addressed is Moses. The verse is rendered in Targum Psalms (italics indicate additional paraphrase): “19. You ascended to the firmament, O prophet Moses, you took captives, you taught the words of the Law, you gave them as gifts to the sons of man; even among the rebellious who are converted and repent does the Shekinah of the glory of the LORD God dwell.” [...] Targum Psalms is generally regarded as a late composition. Its language is considered by some as virtually the same as the Targum of Job and Pseudo-Jonathan. It is variously dated from the fourth to the seventh century. The relation of this paraphrase to the Epistle to the Ephesians would be another instance of the continuum in exegetical tradition. ...”
Martin McNamara, Targum and Testament Revisited: Aramaic Paraphrases of the Hebrew Bible: A Light on the New Testament, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2010), 234–235.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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  • Today in my daily reading Psalm 68 came up again, and it stirred up the same frustration I’ve always had. I’ve always wondered, what in the world is Paul getting at in Eph 4:8, and how is he using Psalm 68:18? When you look at the Hebrew and the LXX it reads “received gifts,” not “gave.” That always ...

    Bryan Butler, September 10, 2025

Ephesians 4:8 and Targum Psalm 68:19

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