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Targum Psalms

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Psalm 49

1 For praise; by the sons of Korah; a hymn. 2 Hear this declaration, all peoples; give ear, all dwellers on earth. 3 Even the sons of the first Adam, even the sons of Jacob together, righteous and sinner.⁠ 4 My mouth will speak wisdom, and the murmur of my heart is understanding. 5 I will incline my ear to a parable, I will begin to open my riddle with the lyre. 6 Why should I fear on the day of the visitation of evil, except that the guilt of my sin at my end will encompass me? 7 Woe to the sinners, who trust in their possessions, and who boast in the size of their riches. 8 A man will by no means redeem his brother, who was taken captive, by his riches; and he will not give to God his price of redemption. 9 And he gives his glorious redemption, and his evil will cease, and vengeance forever. 10 And he will live again for eternal life; he will not see the judgment of Gehenna. 11 For the wise will see the wicked, in Gehenna they will be judged; together fools and the stupid will perish, and they will leave their money to the righteous.⁠ 12 In their tomb they will abide forever, and they will not rise from their tents for all generations, because they have exalted themselves; and they have acquired an evil name upon the earth. 13 And a wicked man will not lodge in glory with the righteous; he is likened to a beast, he is worth nothing. 14 This their way has caused folly for them; and in their end with their mouth they will recount their offenses in the world to come. 15 Like sheep, they have assigned the righteous to death, and killed them; they have destroyed the righteous and those who serve the Torah, and the upright they have punished; because of this, their bodies will decay in Gehenna, because they extended their hand and wrecked the dwelling place of his Presence. 16 David said in the spirit of prophecy, “Truly God will redeem my soul from the judgment of Gehenna, for he will teach me his Torah forever.” 17 About Korah and his party he prophesied and said, “Do not fear, Moses, because Korah, the man of dispute, has become rich, because the glory of his house will increase.” 18 For in his death he will keep nothing, his glory will not descend after him. 19 For the soul of Moses during his life will bless you; and the righteous will thank you, for you are good to those who worship in your presence. 20 The memory of the righteous will come to the generation of their fathers; but the wicked will not see light forever and ever. 21 The sinful man, when he is in honor, will have no insight; and when his honor is taken from him, he becomes like a beast and worth nothing.

Texts in conversation

Compare 1 Corinthians 15:47 and Targum Psalm 49:3

New Testament · Targum

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Summary

1 Corinthians 15 contrasts Adam from the earth with Jesus from heaven. Paul calls Adam the “first Adam,” language found in the Aramaic translation of Psalm 49, suggesting Paul was influenced by an Aramaic tradition that was preserved in the Targum.

Passages

1 Corinthians 15:47

New Testament
41 There is one glory of the sun, and another glory of the moon and another glory of the stars, for star differs from star in glory. 42 It is the same with the resurrection of the dead. What is sown is perishable, what is raised is imperishable. 43 It is sown in dishonor, it is raised in glory; it is sown in weakness, it is raised in power; 44 it is sown a natural body, it is raised a spiritual body. If there is a natural body, there is also a spiritual body. 45 So also it is written, “The first man, Adam, became a living person”; the last Adam became a life-giving spirit. 46 However, the spiritual did not come first, but the natural, and then the spiritual. 47 The first man is from the earth, made of dust; the second man is from heaven. 48 Like the one made of dust, so too are those made of dust, and like the one from heaven, so too those who are heavenly.
55–57 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Corinthians

Targum Psalm 49:3

Targum
1 For praise; by the sons of Korah; a hymn. 2 Hear this declaration, all peoples; give ear, all dwellers on earth. 3 Even the sons of the first Adam, even the sons of Jacob together, righteous and sinner. 4 My mouth will speak wisdom, and the murmur of my heart is understanding. 5 I will incline my ear to a parable, I will begin to open my riddle with the lyre. 6 Why should I fear on the day of the visitation of evil, except that the guilt of my sin at my end will encompass me?
200–600 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Targum Psalms

References

"... Paul has quoted a portion of Genesis 2:7, adding the words 'first' and the proper name 'Adam.' This manner of referring to Adam occurs at least five times in Targum Psalms (compare 49:2, 69:32, 92:1, 94:10). All of these references are to the Adam of the creation story, who offered sacrifice (Targum Psalm 69:32), uttered a song concerning the Sabbath (Targum Psalm 92:1), and was taught knowledge by the Lord (Targum Psalm 94:10). Paul's contrast between the first man, who is physical, and the second man, who is heavenly, has its counterpart in Philo (compare Allegorical Interpretations 1.31-32 [commenting on Genesis 2:7]), but the locution 'first Adam' is distinctly targumic." ..."
Craig A. Evans, Ancient Texts for New Testament Studies: A Guide to the Background Literature (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2005), 339.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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  • I discussed these texts and many many others in my book The Jewish Targums and John's Logos Theology. Targum Neofiti is also of relevance as it also calls Adam "the son of man." If such usage dates to the first century, it would have given hearers a clue that Jesus calling himself "the Son of man" w ...

    John Ronning, December 4, 2025

1 Corinthians 15:47 and Targum Psalm 49:3

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