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Targum Job

About this book
Chapter 41

1 See, the hope set on him proves false; will one not be thrown down at the very sight of him? 2 No one is so fierce as to rouse him, and who is the one who can stand before him? 3 Who came before me in the works of creation, that I should repay him? Is not everything under the heavens mine? 4 I will not keep silent about his boasting, or the word of his might, or the pleading that concerns him. 5 Who can uncover the face of his garment? Who can enter into the fold of his bridle? 6 Who can open the doors of his face? Terror surrounds his teeth. 7 The pride of the plates is his shields, held fast as with a tight seal. 8 One against another his fangs draw near, and no wind enters between them. 9 Each is pressed to its fellow; they cling together and do not separate. 10 His sneezes make light shine, and his eyes are like the eyelids of the dawn. 11 From his mouth go torches; sparks of fire escape. 12 From his nostrils smoke comes out, like a fanned cauldron that boils. 13 His breath kindles coals, and a flame goes out of his mouth. 14 Strength lodges in his neck, and sorrow leaps before him. 15 The folds of his flesh cleave together; it is set firm upon him so that it does not move. 16 His heart is set firm like stone, and hard like the lower millstone. 17 When he rises up the mighty are afraid; because of the breakings they pass sentence on themselves. 18 If the sword reaches him, it will not stand, nor the javelin, nor the sling that hurls stones, nor the coat of mail. 19 He counts iron as straw, and bronze as rotten wood. 20 The arrow of the bow does not make him flee; sling stones are counted as stubble by him. 21 Axes are counted as stubble by him; he laughs at the shaking of the spear. 22 Under him are sharp points like a potsherd; he spreads out much gold upon the mire. 23 He makes the deep boil like a cauldron; he makes the sea like a seething pot. 24 Behind him a path shines; one would think the deep to be gray-haired. 25 On the dust there is no dominion like his, who was made so that he would not be broken. 26 He looks on everything lofty; he is king over all the children of the fish. Another reading: he is king over all the sons of lions.”⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Ezekiel 32:2 and Targum Job 41:26

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Ezekiel 32 compares Pharaoh to a lion among nations and a sea monster, harmonizing with ancient Near Eastern traditions linking the mythic Leviathan to a lion. The Targum to Job 41 portrays Leviathan as king over the lions, reinforcing this association.

Passages

Ezekiel 32:2

Hebrew Bible
1 In the twelfth year, in the twelfth month, on the first of the month, the Lord’s message came to me: 2 “Son of man, sing a lament for Pharaoh king of Egypt, and say to him: “‘You were like a lion among the nations, but you are a monster in the seas; you thrash about in your streams, stir up the water with your feet, and muddy your streams. 3 “‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: “‘I will throw my net over you in the assembly of many peoples; and they will haul you up in my dragnet. 4 I will leave you on the ground, I will fling you on the open field, I will allow all the birds of the sky to settle on you, and I will permit all the wild animals to gorge themselves on you.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Ezekiel

Targum Job 41:26

Targum
24 Behind him a path shines; one would think the deep to be gray-haired. 25 On the dust there is no dominion like his, who was made so that he would not be broken. 26 He looks on everything lofty; he is king over all the children of the fish. Another reading: he is king over all the sons of lions.”
400–900 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Targum Job

References

“... While Behemoth was associated with an ox in biblical and rabbinic lore, Leviathan was envisioned as a lion. One can possibly see an early background for such an association already in the cylinder seal from Tell Asmar, dated to the third millennium BCE, where a seven-headed serpent has a lion’s body. Such an association might also be implied in the monster’s depiction in Ezek 32:2: “You consider yourself a lion [...] among the nations, but you are like a dragon [...] in the seas.” One of the readings of the Targum on Job 41:26 states that Leviathan is a king over all the sons of lions. These connections are noteworthy since the rivalry between the lion of Judah and the ox of Joseph is tied to the battle between Leviathan and Behemoth in some rabbinic accounts. ...”
Andrei Orlov, Supernal Serpent: Mysteries of Leviathan in Judaism and Christianity (New York: Oxford University Press, 2023), 144.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Ezekiel 32:2 and Targum Job 41:26

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