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Surpu

Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations

About this book
Chapter 9

Tamarisk, lone tree, growing in the high plain. Your crown above, your root below. Your crown above is a tree releasing everything. Your root below is a terrace. Your trunk is the gods. With bathed head, You cleanse, you purify the mouth of the humans. May the evil tongue stand aside.⁠ Purification-plant, clean plant, growing out from the Apsû. Above your crown, below your root. Above, your crown gives life upwards. Below, your root cleanses downwards. May your trunk purify everything for the rites. With bathed head, You cleanse, you purify the mouth of the humans. May the evil tongue stand aside. Pure reed, clean reed, growing in the heart of the reed-thicket. Above you sparkle, below you sparkle. Above and below you are filled with sparks. Above, you bring the justice of Utu. Below, you bring to perfection the hand-washing ceremony of Enki. With bathed head, for the releasing, A man with bathed head speaks thus to you. You cleanse, you purify the mouth of the humans. May the evil tongue stand aside. Soap-plant, horn-like, pure mouth-wash. Who on a day of joy has caused words of good portent to be spoken. Who causes that the decisions are pronounced with a pure mouth. You cool the tongue. You quiet down the tongue. A man with bathed head speaks thus to you. You cleanse, you purify the mouth of the humans. May the evil tongue stand aside. Table-salt, formed in the mine. Who are imbued with life, table-salt. Partaking in all existing rites. Carried into the evening meal, carried into the great meal. Passing the time at the base of heaven and at the lock of heaven. A man with bathed head speaks thus to you. You cleanse, you purify the mouth of the humans. May the evil tongue stand aside. Tall cedar, growing in the high mountain. Whose fate was determined in the mountain, the pure place. Who from the Ḫašur-mountain reaches toward heaven. Whose fragrance drifts over the fields. Who day and night, on a resplendent day, a favorable day, fit for sprinkling water, has come from the mountain. You cleanse, you purify the mouth of the humans. May the evil tongue stand aside. Juniper, growing from the sprout. Young juniper, growing from the sprout. Juniper whose boughs and intertwining branches are precious. Great pillar of heaven, great foundation of the earth. Resplendent doorpost of Eridu. Strong lock of the temple of Enlil. Who on a day fit for has come from the mountain. You cleanse, you purify the mouth of the humans. May the evil tongue stand aside. Bright above, pure above, bright below, pure below. Whose interior brings to perfection the hand-washing ceremony of Enki. In the midst of which the Anunnake bathe themselves. The prince Enki has given instructions. The pure quay, the horn-like soap-plant, the pure water he gave you. To perform correctly the New Year festival for seven days, seven months, seven days, at the place which may not be entered. By pronouncing the charm of the great lord Ea, May he be entrusted safe into the propitious hands of his god. River of the gods, who has borne everything. Of Enki, whose fate has been determined by Anu and Enlil. Whose bank is pure, whose interior is clean, whose silt is clean. Who makes everything good. With whose water the gods purify themselves. Whose water is clean, is pure. Enki advised his son Asalluḫi. When you have put virgin water, whose surface is open, into the holy-water basin, the pure one. When this man, son of his god, bathes himself. When you have touched his hands, have sprinkled the top of his head. The evil demon, the evil binder, the evil ghost, the evil devil, the evil god, the evil lurking-demon, The evil man, the evil eye, the evil mouth, the evil tongue, venom, sperm, the machinations toward his evil, Shall not approach him. Upon Enki’s command shall not return to him. A good guardian spirit, a protecting goddess, the lordship and kingship over the country, May be present in his body and in his dwelling. May walk at his side, may be present in his body. May be at his head when he is in the reed-hut. Your hands are washed, your hands are washed. Your hands are washed, you are pure, your hands are washed, you are clean. Your hands are washed, you are clean, your hands are washed, you are pure. Since he whose hands are washed is pure. Since he whose hands are washed is clean. Since he whose hands are washed is pure. Since he whose hands are washed is clean. May this man, son of his god, be pure like heaven. Be clean like the earth, be clean like the core of heaven. May the evil tongue stand aside. Incense, dwelling in the mountains, created in the mountains. You are pure, coming from the mountains. Fragrance of juniper, fragrance of cedar, incense dwelling in the mountains. The powerful incense has been granted to us. The high mountains provide it for purification. In the pure censer, filled with awe-inspiring splendor. The sweet oil, the choice oil, worthy of the table. And the pure materials of the purifying craft. Make the incense-fumes, their product, issue forth. May he be clean like heaven, may he be pure like the core of heaven. May the evil tongue stand aside. Gibil, high prince, exalted in the high mountains. In the dark Netherworld, where no light. May the Light of Heaven, as he sets in the heavens, Give you his pure horn filled with oil. The flame of his horn, the brilliance of his horn. The life of the living beings. At the place where mankind is to be released from evil. You are the one who turns back at night the evil-doer. May you, oh Gibil, purify it with that flame. May you, oh Gibil, cleanse it with that flame. May you, oh Gibil, make it brilliantly clean with that flame. May the evil tongue stand aside. High waters flowing straight from the high mountains. Waters flowing out straight from the pure Euphrates. Born of the Apsû, dealing out everything. Born of Eridu, you have touched the cedar. You have touched the tree of Ḫašur. You have touched Anu above, you have touched the goddess of the earth below. You have touched Enki, the king of the Apsû, the pure one. You have touched the body of this man, son of his god. Made him clean, made him pure. May the evil tongue stand aside.

Texts in conversation

Compare Surpu IX and Arakhin 15b

Ancient Near East, Babylonian · Rabbinic

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Summary

Rabbinic tradition considers the evil tongue, or malicious speech, to be a sin more serious than many physical sins. This resembles ancient Near Eastern traditions, such as in the Surpu tablets, where evil speech is considered a serious sin.

Passages

Surpu IX

Ancient Near East, Babylonian · Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations
Tamarisk, lone tree, growing in the high plain. Your crown above, your root below. Your crown above is a tree releasing everything. Your root below is a terrace. Your trunk is the gods. With bathed head, You cleanse, you purify the mouth of the humans. May the evil tongue stand aside. Purification-plant, clean plant, growing out from the Apsû. Above your crown, below your root. Above, your crown gives life upwards. Below, your root cleanses downwards. May your trunk purify everything for the rites. With bathed head, You cleanse, you purify the mouth of the humans. May the evil tongue stand aside. Pure reed, clean reed, growing in the heart of the reed-thicket.
1200 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Surpu

Arakhin 15b

Rabbinic · Babylonian Talmud
Based on the relative scope of the fines, with the defamer paying twice the sum of the rapist and the seducer, it is apparent that one who utters malicious speech with his mouth is a more severe transgressor than one who performs an action. And this is corroborated, as we found that the sentence imposed on our ancestors in the wilderness was sealed only due to the malicious speech disseminated by the spies, as it is stated at that time: “All those men that have seen My glory, and My signs, which I wrought in Egypt and in the wilderness, yet they have tried Me these ten times and have not listened to My voice” (Numbers 14:22).
450–550 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Arakhin

References

"... Who is a talebearer? One who carries reports, and goes about from one person to another and says: “so-and-so said this”, “such-and-such have I heard about so-and-so”. Even if it is true, the talebearer destroys the world. There is a still graver offense which is included within this prohibition, namely lashon hara, the evil tongue. This means talking disparagingly of anyone, even though what one says is true… A person with an evil tongue is one, who, sitting in company, says: “That person did such-and-such”, “so-and-so’s ancestors were so-and-so”, “I have heard such-and-such about him” – and then proceeds to say disparaging things… The Sages say: “There are three offenses for which one is punished in this world and forfeits his portion in the World to Come: idolatry, incest and murder, but the evil tongue is equal to all three put together…The Sages also said: “The evil tongue slays three people: the speaker, the listener, and the one spoken about; and the listener will be punished worse than the speaker. ..."
David Golinkin, To Tell or Not to Tell: Confidentiality vs. Disclosure in Jewish Law and Tradition (Schecter Institute, 2004), 1–8.

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Surpu IX and Arakhin 15b

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