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Song of Solomon

Song of Songs

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Chapter 5

1 The Lover to His Beloved: I have entered my garden, O my sister, my bride; I have gathered my myrrh with my balsam spice. I have eaten my honeycomb and my honey; I have drunk my wine and my milk! The Poet to the Couple: Eat, friends, and drink! Drink freely, O lovers!⁠ 2 The Beloved about Her Lover: I was asleep, but my mind was dreaming. Listen! My lover is knocking at the door! The Lover to His Beloved:⁠ “Open for me, my sister, my darling, my dove, my flawless one! My head is drenched with dew, my hair with the dampness of the night.” 3 The Beloved to Her Lover: “I have already taken off my robe—must I put it on again? I have already washed my feet—must I soil them again?” 4 My lover thrust his hand through the hole, and my feelings were stirred for him. 5 I arose to open for my beloved; my hands dripped with myrrh—my fingers flowed with myrrh on the handles of the lock. 6 I opened for my beloved, but my lover had already turned and gone away. I fell into despair when he departed. I looked for him but did not find him; I called him, but he did not answer me. 7 The watchmen found me as they made their rounds in the city. They beat me; they bruised me; they took away my cloak, those watchmen on the walls! 8 The Beloved to the Maidens: I admonish you, O maidens of Jerusalem—If you find my beloved, what will you tell him? Tell him that I am lovesick! 9 The Maidens to The Beloved: Why is your beloved better than others, O most beautiful of women? Why is your beloved better than others, that you would admonish us in this manner? 10 The Beloved to the Maidens: My beloved is dazzling and ruddy; he stands out in comparison to all other men. 11 His head is like the purest gold. His hair is curly—black like a raven. 12 His eyes are like doves by streams of water, washed in milk, mounted like jewels. 13 His cheeks are like garden beds full of balsam trees yielding perfume. His lips are like lilies dripping with drops of myrrh. 14 His arms are like rods of gold set with chrysolite. His abdomen is like polished ivory inlaid with sapphires. 15 His legs are like pillars of marble set on bases of pure gold. His appearance is like Lebanon, choice as its cedars. 16 His mouth is very sweet; he is totally desirable. This is my beloved! This is my companion, O maidens of Jerusalem!

Texts in conversation

Compare The Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi and Song of Solomon 5:1

Ancient Near East, Sumerian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

In the Song of Solomon, milk and honey are used as images of love and pleasure, similar to Sumerian and other ancient Near Eastern poems like the Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi, where milk represents fertility and desire.

Passages

The Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi

Ancient Near East, Sumerian · Inanna Prefers the Farmer
Inanna sang: “Make your milk sweet and thick, my bridegroom. My shepherd, I will drink your fresh milk. Wild bull Dumuzi, make your milk sweet and thick. I will drink your fresh milk. Let the milk of the goat flow in my sheepfold. Fill my holy churn with honey cheese. Lord Dumuzi, I will drink your fresh milk. My husband, I will guard my sheepfold for you. I will watch over your house of life, the storehouse, the shining quivering place which delights Sumer—the house which decides the fates of the land, the house which gives the breath of life to the people. I, the queen of the palace, will watch over your house.”
1900 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in The Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi

Song of Solomon 5:1

Hebrew Bible · Song of Songs
1 The Lover to His Beloved: I have entered my garden, O my sister, my bride; I have gathered my myrrh with my balsam spice. I have eaten my honeycomb and my honey; I have drunk my wine and my milk! The Poet to the Couple: Eat, friends, and drink! Drink freely, O lovers! 2 The Beloved about Her Lover: I was asleep, but my mind was dreaming. Listen! My lover is knocking at the door! The Lover to His Beloved: “Open for me, my sister, my darling, my dove, my flawless one! My head is drenched with dew, my hair with the dampness of the night.” 3 The Beloved to Her Lover: “I have already taken off my robe—must I put it on again? I have already washed my feet—must I soil them again?”
300–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Song of Solomon

References

"... The subtext is clear: the land flowing with milk and honey has been defiled; both products have become harbingers, not of promise and life, but of betrayal and death; fruitfulness gives way to corruption, nightmare comes in place of dream ... moreover, he may be making an oblique reference to Canaanite cultic practice. Driver relates that the Phoenicians honoured standing stones with libations of milk and honey. Milk and honey are among the gifts that the Sumerian deity Enlil offers for his bride Ninlil and they feature together as erotic metaphors in the important Sumerian composition ‘The Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi’. The goddess Inanna-Ishtar sings of Dumuzi-Tammuz, her shepherd-king suitor ... They figure too as erotic metaphors in Song of Solomon 4:11 and 5:1 ..."
Robin Baker, Hollow Men, Strange Women: Riddles, Codes, and Otherness in the Book of Judges, BibInt 143 (Leiden: Brill, 2016), 24.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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The Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi and Song of Solomon 5:1

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