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Song of Solomon

Song of Songs

About this book
Chapter 2

1 The Beloved to Her Lover: I am a meadow flower from Sharon, a lily from the valleys. 2 The Lover to His Beloved: Like a lily among the thorns, so is my darling among the maidens. 3 The Beloved about Her Lover: Like an apple tree among the trees of the forest, so is my beloved among the young men. I delight to sit in his shade, and his fruit is sweet to my taste. 4 The Beloved about Her Lover: He brought me into the banquet hall, and he looked at me lovingly. 5 Sustain me with raisin cakes, refresh me with apples, for I am faint with love. 6 His left hand is under my head, and his right hand embraces me.⁠ 7 The Beloved to the Maidens: I admonish you, O maidens of Jerusalem, by the gazelles and by the young does of the open fields: Do not awaken or arouse love until it pleases!⁠ 8 The Beloved about Her Lover: Listen! My lover is approaching! Look! Here he comes, leaping over the mountains, bounding over the hills! 9 My lover is like a gazelle or a young stag. Look! There he stands behind our wall, gazing through the window, peering through the lattice. 10 The Lover to His Beloved: My lover spoke to me, saying: “Arise, my darling; My beautiful one, come away with me! 11 Look! The winter has passed, the winter rains are over and gone. 12 Blossoms have appeared in the land; the time for pruning and singing has come; the voice of the turtledove is heard in our land. 13 The fig tree has ripened its figs; the vines have blossomed and give off their fragrance. Arise, come away my darling; my beautiful one, come away with me!” 14 The Lover to His Beloved: O my dove, in the clefts of the rock, in the hiding places of the mountain crags, let me see your face; let me hear your voice; for your voice is sweet, and your face is lovely. 15 The Beloved to Her Lover: Catch the foxes for us, the little foxes, that ruin the vineyards—for our vineyard is in bloom. 16 The Beloved about Her Lover: My lover is mine and I am his; he grazes among the lilies. 17 The Beloved to Her Lover: Until the dawn arrives and the shadows flee, turn, my beloved—be like a gazelle or a young stag on the mountain gorges.

Texts in conversation

Song of Solomon Echoes the Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi

Ancient Near East, Sumerian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Sumerian love poetry like the Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi pictures the man's hands embracing his lover, an ancient Near Eastern image of sexuality. Song of Solomon uses similar physical gestures to express love.

Passages

The Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi

Ancient Near East, Sumerian · Inanna Prefers the Farmer
Inanna spoke: “I bathed for the wild bull; I bathed for the shepherd Dumuzi. I perfumed my sides with ointment; I coated my mouth with sweet-smelling amber; I painted my eyes with kohl. He shaped my loins with his fair hands. The shepherd Dumuzi filled my lap with cream and milk. He stroked my pubic hair; he watered my womb. He laid his hands on my holy vulva. He smoothed my black boat with cream; he quickened my narrow boat with milk; he creased me on the bed. Now I will caress my high priest on the bed; I will caress the faithful shepherd Dumuzi. I will caress his loins, the shepherdship of the land. I will decree a sweet fate for him.”
1900 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in The Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi

Song of Solomon 2:6

Hebrew Bible · Song of Songs
5 Sustain me with raisin cakes, refresh me with apples, for I am faint with love. 6 His left hand is under my head, and his right hand embraces me. 7 The Beloved to the Maidens: I admonish you, O maidens of Jerusalem, by the gazelles and by the young does of the open fields: Do not awaken or arouse love until it pleases!
300–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Song of Solomon

References

... Another reference that sometimes is interpreted as implying genital contact is the refrain in 2:6 (and parallel in 8:3): ‘His left hand is under my head, / and his right hand embraces me’ (NKJV). As noted above, however, this may constitute a wish and not reality. So translates the RSV and NRSV: ‘O that his left hand were under my head, and that his right hand embraced me!’ Further (or alternatively), in contrast to a similarly worded Sumerian love song (‘Dumuzi-Inanna Songs,’ translated by Yitschak Sefati [COS 1.169:541]), where the woman requests that the man place his left hand and his right hand at her nakedness (i.e., her genitals), in the biblical Song ‘the right-hand–left-hand dyad only implies affection and support, not genital stimulation’ (Garrett, ‘Song of Songs,’ 152) ...
Richard M. Davidson, Flame of Yahweh: Sexuality in the Old Testament (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2007), 597.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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The Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi and Song of Solomon 2:6

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