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Song of Solomon

Song of Songs

About this book
Chapter 1

1 Solomon’s Most Excellent Love Song. 2 The Beloved to Her Lover: Oh, how I wish you would kiss me passionately!⁠ For your lovemaking is more delightful than wine.⁠ 3 The fragrance of your colognes is delightful; your name is like the finest perfume. No wonder the young women adore you! 4 Draw me after you; let us hurry! May the king bring me into his bedroom chambers! The Maidens to the Lover: We will rejoice and delight in you; we will praise your love more than wine. The Beloved to Her Lover: How rightly the young women adore you! 5 The Beloved to the Maidens: I am dark but lovely, O maidens of Jerusalem, dark like the tents of Qedar, lovely like the tent curtains of Salmah. 6 Do not stare at me because I am dark, for the sun has burned my skin. My brothers were angry with me; they made me the keeper of the vineyards. Alas, my own vineyard I could not keep! 7 The Beloved to Her Lover: Tell me, O you whom my heart loves, where do you pasture your sheep? Where do you rest your sheep during the midday heat? Tell me lest I wander around beside the flocks of your companions! 8 The Lover to His Beloved: If you do not know, O most beautiful of women, simply follow the tracks of my flock, and pasture your little lambs beside the tents of the shepherds. 9 The Lover to His Beloved: O my beloved, you are like a mare among Pharaoh’s stallions.⁠ 10 Your cheeks are beautiful with ornaments; your neck is lovely with strings of jewels. 11 We will make for you gold ornaments studded with silver. 12 The Beloved about Her Lover: While the king was at his banqueting table, my nard gave forth its fragrance. 13 My beloved is like a fragrant pouch of myrrh spending the night between my breasts. 14 My beloved is like a cluster of henna blossoms in the vineyards of En Gedi. 15 The Lover to His Beloved: Oh, how beautiful you are, my beloved! Oh, how beautiful you are! Your eyes are like doves! 16 The Beloved to Her Lover: Oh, how handsome you are, my lover! Oh, how delightful you are! The lush foliage is our canopied bed; 17 the cedars are the beams of our bedroom chamber; the pines are the rafters of our bedroom.

Texts in conversation

Compare The Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi and Song of Solomon 1:2

Ancient Near East, Sumerian · Hebrew Bible

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Summary

In the Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi, the goddess Inanna bathes, perfumes herself, and is kissed by the shepherd-king Dumuzi. Song of Solomon opens similarly, with a woman craving her lover’s kiss and the cologne that make young women adore him.

Passages

The Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi

Ancient Near East, Sumerian · Inanna Prefers the Farmer
Inanna ran to Ningal, the mother who bore her. Ningal counseled her daughter, saying: “My child, the young man will be your father. My daughter, the young man will be your mother. He will treat you like a father. He will care for you like a mother. Open the house, My Lady, open the house!” Inanna, at her mother’s command, bathed and anointed herself with scented oil. She covered her body with the royal white robe. She readied her dowry, arranged her precious lapis beads around her neck, and took her seal in her hand. Dumuzi waited expectantly. Inanna opened the door for him. Inside the house she shone before him like the light of the moon. Dumuzi looked at her joyously, pressed his neck close against hers, and kissed her. Inanna spoke: “What I tell you let the singer weave into song. What I tell you, let it flow from ear to mouth; let it pass from old to young: my vulva, the horn, the Boat of Heaven, is full of eagerness like the young moon. My untilled land lies fallow. As for me, Inanna, who will plow my vulva? Who will plow my high field? Who will plow my wet ground? As for me, the young woman, who will plow my vulva? Who will station the ox there? Who will plow my vulva?”
1900 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in The Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi

Song of Solomon 1:2

Hebrew Bible · Song of Songs
2 The Beloved to Her Lover: Oh, how I wish you would kiss me passionately! For your lovemaking is more delightful than wine. 3 The fragrance of your colognes is delightful; your name is like the finest perfume. No wonder the young women adore you! 4 Draw me after you; let us hurry! May the king bring me into his bedroom chambers! The Maidens to the Lover: We will rejoice and delight in you; we will praise your love more than wine. The Beloved to Her Lover: How rightly the young women adore you!
300–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Song of Solomon

References

“... While according to this poem, Inanna and Dumuzi kept their love a secret and were even prepared to deceive Inanna’s mother, there is another version of the affair according to which Dumuzi woos his bride in the open, and with her mother’s full approbation. According to this myth, Dumuzi, the shepherd, comes to Inanna’s house carrying fat and milk, and begs the goddess for admittance. After consultation with her mother, Inanna bathes and anoints herself, puts on her queenly robes, and awaits her lover expectantly. Dumuzi pushes open the door, enters the house beaming, and the pair take their joy in love. ...”
Samuel Noah Kramer, “The Biblical ‘Song of Songs’ and the Sumerian Love Songs,” (1962): 2.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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