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Sirach

Ben Sira, Ecclesiasticus

About this book
Chapter 30

1 He who loves his son will continue to whip him, that he may have joy from him in the end. 2 He who chastises his son will have profit from him, and will brag about him among his acquaintances. 3 He who teaches his son will provoke his enemy to jealousy. Before friends, he will rejoice in him. 4 His father dies, and is as though he had not died; for he has left one behind him like himself. 5 In his life, he saw his son and rejoiced. When he died, it was without regret. 6 He left behind him an avenger against his enemies, and one to repay kindness to his friends. 7 He who makes too much of his son will bind up his wounds. His heart will be troubled at every cry. 8 An unbroken horse becomes stubborn. An unrestrained son becomes headstrong.⁠ 9 Pamper your child, and he will make you afraid. Play with him, and he will grieve you. 10 Don’t laugh with him, lest you have sorrow with him, and you gnash your teeth in the end. 11 Give him no liberty in his youth, and don’t ignore his follies. 12 Bow down his neck in his youth, and beat him on the sides while he is a child, lest he become stubborn,⁠ and be disobedient to you, and there be sorrow to your soul. 13 Chastise your son, and give him work, lest his shameless behavior be an offense to you.

Health, Cheerfulness, and Riches

14 Better is a poor man who is healthy and fit, than a rich man who is afflicted in his body. 15 Health and fitness are better than all gold, and a strong body better than wealth without measure. 16 There is no wealth better than health of body. There is no gladness above the joy of the heart. 17 Death is better than a bitter life, and eternal rest than a continual sickness.⁠ 18 Good things poured out upon a mouth that is closed are like food offerings laid upon a grave.⁠ 19 What does an offering profit an idol? For it can’t eat or smell. So is he who is punished by the Lord,⁠ 20 seeing with his eyes and groaning, like a eunuch embracing a virgin and groaning. 21 Don’t give your soul to sorrow. Don’t afflict yourself deliberately. 22 Gladness of heart is the life of a man. Cheerfulness of a man lengthens his days. 23 Love your own soul,⁠ and comfort your heart. Remove sorrow far from you, for sorrow has destroyed many, and there is no profit in it. 24 Envy and wrath shorten life. Anxiety brings old age before its time. 25 Those who are cheerful and merry will benefit from their food.

Texts in conversation

Compare Deuteronomy 4:28 and Sirach 30:19

Hebrew Bible · Deuterocanon

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Summary

Sirach echoes the language of Deuteronomy about idols made of wood and stone that cannot see or feel, repurposing it to describe people cut off from life’s joys and purposes. Later traditions clearly found new applications for existing texts.

Passages

Deuteronomy 4:28

Hebrew Bible
26 I invoke heaven and earth as witnesses against you today that you will surely and swiftly be removed from the very land you are about to cross the Jordan to possess. You will not last long there because you will surely be annihilated. 27 Then the Lord will scatter you among the peoples and there will be very few of you among the nations where the Lord will drive you. 28 There you will worship gods made by human hands—wood and stone that can neither see, hear, eat, nor smell. 29 But if you seek the Lord your God from there, you will find him, if, indeed, you seek him with all your heart and soul. 30 In your distress when all these things happen to you in future days, if you return to the Lord your God and obey him
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

Sirach 30:19

Deuterocanon · Ben Sira, Ecclesiasticus
17 Death is better than a bitter life, and eternal rest than a continual sickness. 18 Good things poured out upon a mouth that is closed are like food offerings laid upon a grave. 19 What does an offering profit an idol? For it can’t eat or smell. So is he who is punished by the Lord, 20 seeing with his eyes and groaning, like a eunuch embracing a virgin and groaning. 21 Don’t give your soul to sorrow. Don’t afflict yourself deliberately.
195–180 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Sirach

References

"... In Sirach 20:4 it is probable that the eunuch, while emasculated, was still capable of sexual intercourse, and has violated a young woman ('a eunuch's desire to violate a young woman/girl; so is the one who executes judgments by force'). Even though the usual word for virgin is not used here, and we do not know anything about the woman's chastity, the deed of the eunuch is similar to rape, an abuse, and the betrayal of trust, considering the role of eunuchs as guardians of harems, where the women were necessarily not virgins. Judges also had responsibility towards others. If they executed judgment by force it was also an abuse. The situation in Sirach 30:20 seems different ('With his eyes [he sees and groans], like a [eunuch] who embraces a young woman and sighs/groans. So is the one who does judgment under compulsion.'). It describes a eunuch embracing a young woman, but probably not able to have sexual intercourse. Otherwise the analogy with the idol (30:19b) could not be played out. The word does not necessarily mean 'virgin' here. An idol who cannot enjoy the food offering (30:19a) that is brought before it (A reference to drink and grain offerings for idols is found in Isaiah 57:6. References to the condemnation of idols and their makers are found in Deuteronomy 4:28; Psalm 115:47; Isaiah 44:9-11) is compared to the person who is 'punished by the Lord' (30:19) ..."
Ibolya Balla, Ben Sira on Family, Gender, and Sexuality, DCLS 8 (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, 2011), 153.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Deuteronomy 4:28 and Sirach 30:19

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