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Sirach

Ben Sira, Ecclesiasticus

About this book
Chapter 30

1 He who loves his son will continue to whip him, that he may have joy from him in the end. 2 He who chastises his son will have profit from him, and will brag about him among his acquaintances. 3 He who teaches his son will provoke his enemy to jealousy. Before friends, he will rejoice in him. 4 His father dies, and is as though he had not died; for he has left one behind him like himself. 5 In his life, he saw his son and rejoiced. When he died, it was without regret. 6 He left behind him an avenger against his enemies, and one to repay kindness to his friends. 7 He who makes too much of his son will bind up his wounds. His heart will be troubled at every cry. 8 An unbroken horse becomes stubborn. An unrestrained son becomes headstrong.⁠ 9 Pamper your child, and he will make you afraid. Play with him, and he will grieve you. 10 Don’t laugh with him, lest you have sorrow with him, and you gnash your teeth in the end. 11 Give him no liberty in his youth, and don’t ignore his follies. 12 Bow down his neck in his youth, and beat him on the sides while he is a child, lest he become stubborn,⁠ and be disobedient to you, and there be sorrow to your soul. 13 Chastise your son, and give him work, lest his shameless behavior be an offense to you.

Health, Cheerfulness, and Riches

14 Better is a poor man who is healthy and fit, than a rich man who is afflicted in his body. 15 Health and fitness are better than all gold, and a strong body better than wealth without measure. 16 There is no wealth better than health of body. There is no gladness above the joy of the heart. 17 Death is better than a bitter life, and eternal rest than a continual sickness.⁠ 18 Good things poured out upon a mouth that is closed are like food offerings laid upon a grave.⁠ 19 What does an offering profit an idol? For it can’t eat or smell. So is he who is punished by the Lord,⁠ 20 seeing with his eyes and groaning, like a eunuch embracing a virgin and groaning. 21 Don’t give your soul to sorrow. Don’t afflict yourself deliberately. 22 Gladness of heart is the life of a man. Cheerfulness of a man lengthens his days. 23 Love your own soul,⁠ and comfort your heart. Remove sorrow far from you, for sorrow has destroyed many, and there is no profit in it. 24 Envy and wrath shorten life. Anxiety brings old age before its time. 25 Those who are cheerful and merry will benefit from their food.

Texts in conversation

Compare Deuteronomy 26:14 and Sirach 30:18

Hebrew Bible · Deuterocanon

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Summary

Deuteronomy 26 forbids offering food to the dead as part of Israel’s tithe laws, highlighting the opposition to death-related rituals that once circulated in Israelite society. Sirach 30 echoes this prohibition when criticizing similar practices.

Passages

Deuteronomy 26:14

Hebrew Bible
12 When you finish tithing all your income in the third year (the year of tithing), you must give it to the Levites, the resident foreigners, the orphans, and the widows so that they may eat to their satisfaction in your villages. 13 Then you shall say before the Lord your God, “I have removed the sacred offering from my house and given it to the Levites, the resident foreigners, the orphans, and the widows just as you have commanded me. I have not violated or forgotten your commandments. 14 I have not eaten anything when I was in mourning, or removed any of it while ceremonially unclean, or offered any of it to the dead; I have obeyed you and have done everything you have commanded me. 15 Look down from your holy dwelling place in heaven and bless your people Israel and the land you have given us, just as you promised our ancestors—a land flowing with milk and honey.” 16 Today the Lord your God is commanding you to keep these statutes and ordinances, something you must do with all your heart and soul.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

Sirach 30:18

Deuterocanon · Ben Sira, Ecclesiasticus
16 There is no wealth better than health of body. There is no gladness above the joy of the heart. 17 Death is better than a bitter life, and eternal rest than a continual sickness. 18 Good things poured out upon a mouth that is closed are like food offerings laid upon a grave. 19 What does an offering profit an idol? For it can’t eat or smell. So is he who is punished by the Lord, 20 seeing with his eyes and groaning, like a eunuch embracing a virgin and groaning.
195–180 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Sirach

References

"... one might conclude that negative criticism or negative depictions of practices with respect to the dead first appears around the middle of the eighth century, perhaps responding to necromancy as a form of competition to prophecy. Objections to other practices, such as feeding the dead with the tithe of Yahweh, appear only later, in the seventh century (Deuteronomy 26:14; compare Psalm 16). If this reconstruction of the development of practices regarding the dead is roughly correct, it would appear that prior to the seventh century, feeding the dead and other practices of care and veneration for the dead flourished in various social strata and quarters of Israelite society. Only necromancy may have been viewed negatively, if 1 Samuel 28:3 provides historically reliable information. Prior to ca. 750, the people engaged in both necromancy and other practices (Isaiah 8:18; Deuteronomy 26:14; compare MT Psalm 22:30 discussed below; Tobit 4:17; Sirach 30:18). The kings had their own elaborate death cult (2 Samuel 18:18; 2 Kings 9:34-37 and 21; compare 1 Samuel 20) which at least some priests tolerated (see Ezekiel 43:7-9). The prophets in the early periods did not object to necromancy ..."
Mark S. Smith and Elizabeth M. Bloch-Smith, “Death and Afterlife in Ugarit and Israel,” JAOS 108 (1988): 277–284.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Deuteronomy 26:14 and Sirach 30:18

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