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Sifre Deuteronomy

Halakhic Midrash

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Chapter 329

"See, now, that I, I am He!": If one says there are two Authorities in heaven, he is rebutted — "and there is no god with Me!"⁠ — But perhaps He cannot bring to life or put to death or bring harm or benefit; it is, therefore, written "I put to death and I bring to life; I wound and I heal, etc." And it is written (Isaiah 44:6) "Thus has said the L-rd, King of Israel, and its Redeemer, the L-rd of hosts: I am the first and I am the last, and besides Me there is no G-d." Variantly: "I put to death and I bring to life": I put to death those of whom it is written (Bamidbar 23:10) "Let my soul die the death of the just," and I bring to life, viz. (Devarim, Ibid. 33:6) "Reuven shall live and he shall not die," (Hoshea 6:2) "He will make us live from the two times, etc." Variantly: "I put to death and I bring to life": I hear (i.e., I understand) death to one and life to another; it is, therefore, written "I wound and I heal." Just as the wounding and the healing is in one, so the death and the life is in one — a proof for the resurrection from the Torah. "and there is no saving (from sin) from My hand": Fathers do not save sons. Abraham does not save Yishmael, and Israel does not save Esav. This tells me only that fathers do not save sons. Whence do I derive that brothers do not save brothers? From (Psalms 49:8) "A brother cannot redeem another": Isaac cannot redeem Yishmael, and Yaakov cannot redeem Esav. Even if he gives all the money in the world, he cannot ransom him, viz.: "A brother cannot redeem another … (9) Too costly is their souls' redemption and forever unattainable." How precious is this soul! When one sins, there is no payment for it!

Texts in conversation

Compare Deuteronomy 32:39 and Sifre Deuteronomy 329

Hebrew Bible · Rabbinic

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Summary

In Deuteronomy 32, God says that there is no other god beside him. Rabbinic tradition in the Sifre draws on this to answer anyone who claims there are two powers in heaven, pointing to the same words as proof that God is one.

Passages

Deuteronomy 32:39

Hebrew Bible
38 who ate the best of their sacrifices, and drank the wine of their drink offerings? Let them rise and help you; let them be your refuge! 39 “See now that I, indeed I, am he!” says the Lord, “and there is no other god besides me. I kill and give life, I smash and I heal, and none can resist my power. 40 For I raise up my hand to heaven, and say, ‘As surely as I live forever,
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Deuteronomy

Sifre Deuteronomy 329

Rabbinic · Halakhic Midrash
"See, now, that I, I am He!": If one says there are two Authorities in heaven, he is rebutted — "and there is no god with Me!" — But perhaps He cannot bring to life or put to death or bring harm or benefit; it is, therefore, written "I put to death and I bring to life; I wound and I heal, etc." And it is written (Isaiah 44:6) "Thus has said the L-rd, King of Israel, and its Redeemer, the L-rd of hosts: I am the first and I am the last, and besides Me there is no G-d."
200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Sifre Deuteronomy

References

"... This anonymous passage in Sifre cannot be shown to be aimed merely at one heretical group. It is a cleverly designed anthology of arguments against various views which the rabbis opposed. Something about the character of the heretical doctrines can be learned, but the final identities of any groups espousing the doctrines is elusive. The best we can do is note the form of the argument. First, those who deny the existence of God are refuted by reference to Deuteronomy 32:39a. This is obviously an important scriptural weapon because immediately thereafter those who believe in "two powers" in heaven are refuted with the continuation of the same verse. Finally, those who believe in God but deny His ability to kill or bring to life are refuted by reference to Isaiah 44:6. ..."
Alan F. Segal, Two Powers in Heaven: Early Rabbinic Reports About Christianity and Gnosticism, SJLA (Leiden: Brill, 1977), 84–85.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Deuteronomy 32:39 and Sifre Deuteronomy 329

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