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About this book

Shepherd of Hermas

About this book

The Eleventh Mandate, on True and False Prophets

Chapter 43

1 He showed me people seated on a couch, and another person seated on a chair. And he said to me, “Do you see those seated on the couch?” “I see them, Sir,” I said. “These,” he said, “are faithful, but the one seated on the chair is a false prophet who destroys the minds of the servants of God—that is, of the double-minded, not of the faithful. 2 These double-minded ones, then, come to him as if to a fortune-teller and ask him what will happen to them. And he, the false prophet, having no power of a divine Spirit in himself, speaks to them according to their questions and the lusts of their wickedness, and fills their souls as they desire. 3 For being empty himself, he gives empty answers to empty questioners; for whatever is asked of him, he answers according to the emptiness of the person. But he does sometimes speak true words, for the devil fills him with his own spirit, to see if he can break down any of the righteous. 4 So all who are strong in the faith of the Lord and clothed in truth do not cling to such spirits, but stay away from them; but all who are doubters and often change their minds practice fortune-telling like the pagans, and heap more sin on themselves through their idolatries. For whoever consults a false prophet on anything is an idolater and devoid of truth and acts senselessly. 5 For no Spirit given by God needs to be consulted; but, having divine power, it speaks all things on its own, because it is from above, from the power of the divine Spirit. 6 But the spirit that is consulted, and speaks according to the desires of people, is earthly and fickle, having no power, and it does not speak at all unless it is consulted.” 7 “Then how, Sir,” I said, “will anyone know who is a prophet and who is a false prophet?” “Listen,” he said, “to what I say about both kinds of prophets, and test the prophet and the false prophet in the way I tell you. Test the person who has the divine Spirit by their life.⁠ 8 First, the one who has the divine Spirit, which is from above, is gentle and calm and humble-minded, refraining from all wickedness and pointless desire of this present world, and considers themself lower than all others, and never answers anyone when asked, and does not speak on their own—for the Holy Spirit does not speak when a person wants Him to speak—but the person speaks only when God wants them to speak. 9 So when the person who has the divine Spirit enters a gathering of righteous people who have faith in a divine Spirit, and they pray to God in that assembly, then the angel of the prophetic spirit, who is assigned to that person, fills them, and being filled with the Holy Spirit, the person speaks to the crowd, as the Lord wills. 10 This, then, is how the Spirit of God is recognized. Such is the great power of the Spirit of God. 11 Now learn,” he said, “about the earthly and empty spirit, which has no power but is foolish. 12 First, the one who seems to have a spirit exalts themself and wants to have the seat of honor, and is immediately bold and shameless and talkative, and indulges in many luxuries and in many other deceits, and takes money for prophesying, and if they do not get paid, they do not prophesy. Now can a divine Spirit take money and prophesy? A prophet of God could never do this; rather, the spirit of such people is earthly. 13 Moreover, it never comes near a gathering of righteous people, but avoids them, and joins with the double-minded and the empty, and prophesies to them in corners, deceiving them, speaking all things in emptiness to please their desires; for the people it answers are empty too. For an empty jar placed among empty jars does not break, but they match each other. 14 But when it comes into an assembly full of righteous people who have a Spirit of God, and they pray, that person is emptied, and the earthly spirit flees from them in fear, and that person is left speechless and completely shattered, being unable to say a word. 15 For if you put wine or oil into a storeroom and place an empty jar among them, and later want to empty the storeroom, you will find the jar you put there empty still empty. So also with the empty prophets—whenever they come in among righteous spirits, they are found as empty as when they arrived. 16 I have described the way of life of both kinds of prophets. So test the person who says they are moved by the Spirit by their life and their deeds.⁠ 17 Trust the Spirit that comes from God and has power; but do not trust at all the earthly and empty spirit, for it has no power, since it comes from the devil. 18 Listen then to the parable I will tell you. Take a stone and throw it up to heaven—see if you can reach it. Or again, take a water squirt and squirt it up to heaven—see if you can pierce heaven.” 19 “How, Sir,” I said, “can these things be? Both the things you said are impossible for us.” “Well then,” he said, “just as these things are impossible, so also the earthly spirits have no power and are feeble. 20 Now take the power that comes from above. Hail is a very small grain, yet when it falls on a person’s head, how much pain it causes! Or again, take a drop that falls from the roof onto the ground, and it pierces stone. 21 You see then that the smallest things from above falling on the earth have great power. So too the divine Spirit coming from above is powerful. Trust this Spirit, but stay away from the other.”

Texts in conversation

Compare 1 Corinthians 14:29 and Shepherd of Hermas 43:7

New Testament · Early Christian

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Summary

In 1 Corinthians, Paul tells the community to evaluate what its prophets say. In the Shepherd of Hermas, prophets are instead tested by their way of life, and a true prophet speaks only when the Spirit fills the prophet as the community prays.

Passages

1 Corinthians 14:29

New Testament
26 What should you do then, brothers and sisters? When you come together, each one has a song, has a lesson, has a revelation, has a tongue, has an interpretation. Let all these things be done for the strengthening of the church. 27 If someone speaks in a tongue, it should be two, or at the most three, one after the other, and someone must interpret. 28 But if there is no interpreter, he should be silent in the church. Let him speak to himself and to God. 29 Two or three prophets should speak and the others should evaluate what is said. 30 And if someone sitting down receives a revelation, the person who is speaking should conclude. 31 For you can all prophesy one after another, so all can learn and be encouraged. 32 Indeed, the spirits of the prophets are subject to the prophets, 33 for God is not characterized by disorder but by peace. As in all the churches of the saints,
55–57 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Corinthians

Shepherd of Hermas 43:7

Early Christian
7 “Then how, Sir,” I said, “will anyone know who is a prophet and who is a false prophet?” “Listen,” he said, “to what I say about both kinds of prophets, and test the prophet and the false prophet in the way I tell you. Test the person who has the divine Spirit by their life. 8 First, the one who has the divine Spirit, which is from above, is gentle and calm and humble-minded, refraining from all wickedness and pointless desire of this present world, and considers themself lower than all others, and never answers anyone when asked, and does not speak on their own—for the Holy Spirit does not speak when a person wants Him to speak—but the person speaks only when God wants them to speak. 9 So when the person who has the divine Spirit enters a gathering of righteous people who have faith in a divine Spirit, and they pray to God in that assembly, then the angel of the prophetic spirit, who is assigned to that person, fills them, and being filled with the Holy Spirit, the person speaks to the crowd, as the Lord wills.
90–140 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Shepherd of Hermas

References

“... Third, and similarly to number two, Paul and Hermas agree that the believing community alone is prophecy’s proper locus. Here in Mand. 11.9 [43.9], the Shepherd describes a prophet fulfilling the Lord’s wish by speaking in the assembly “by means of the holy Spirit to the multitude.” For Paul in 1 Cor 14, the community is likewise the proper locus of prophecy. [...] Finally, because they understand that true prophecy is fundamentally important to the flourishing of Christian community, Paul and Hermas both recognize that it must be tested in order to distinguish it from its antithesis, false prophecy. [...] At 1 Cor 14:29, the apostle exhorts those who listen to prophets to evaluate (διακρίνειν) what they say. [...] That way is to evaluate a prophet—and by extension to decide whether to heed his prophecy—on his way of life (ἀπὸ τῆς ζωῆς δοκίμαζε τὸν ἄνθρωπον τὸν ἔχοντα τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ θεῖον, 43.7; cf. 43.16). Here we see the Shepherd employing a synonym (δοκιμάζειν) of the word Paul uses (διακρίνειν) in his call to evaluate prophets. ...”
Jonathan E. Soyars, The Shepherd of Hermas and the Pauline Legacy, NovTSup 176 (Leiden: Brill, 2019), 135–136.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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1 Corinthians 14:29 and Shepherd of Hermas 43:7

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