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Shepherd of Hermas

About this book

The Fourth Mandate, on Purity and Repentance

Chapter 29

1 “I command you,” he said, “to stay pure, and not to let a thought enter your heart about another man’s wife or about immorality or any similar evil deeds, for in doing so you commit a great sin. But remember your own wife always, and you will never go wrong. 2 For if this desire enters your heart, you will go wrong; and if any other evil desire like this arises, you commit sin. For this desire in a servant of God is a great sin; and if a person does this evil, they bring about their own death. 3 So pay attention. Abstain from this desire; for where holiness lives, lawlessness ought not to enter the heart of a righteous person.” 4 I said to him, “Sir, allow me to ask you a few more questions.” “Go ahead,” he said. “Sir,” I said, “if a man who has a wife who is faithful in the Lord finds her in adultery, does the husband sin by living with her?” 5 “As long as he does not know,” he said, “he does not sin; but if the husband knows about her sin, and the wife does not repent but continues in her immorality, and her husband lives with her, he becomes responsible for her sin and an accomplice in her adultery.” 6 “Then what, Sir,” I said, “must the husband do if the wife remains like this?” “Let him divorce her,” he said, “and let the husband remain alone; but if after divorcing his wife he marries another, he also commits adultery.”⁠ 7 “If then, Sir,” I said, “after the wife is divorced, she repents and wants to return to her own husband, should she not be taken back?” 8 “Certainly,” he said, “if the husband does not take her back, he sins and brings great sin on himself; indeed, the one who has sinned and has repented must be taken back, but not many times;⁠ for there is only one repentance for the servants of God. So, because of her repentance, the husband ought not to marry someone else. This is how husband and wife ought to act. 9 It is not only adultery if a person defiles their flesh, but whoever does things like the Gentiles also commits adultery. So if someone continues in such deeds and does not repent, keep away from them, and do not live with them. Otherwise, you too share in their sin. 10 For this reason you were commanded to remain single, whether husband or wife, for in such cases repentance can happen. 11 I,” he said, “am not giving an excuse for the matter to end like this, but saying this so that the sinner may sin no more. But as for their former sin, there is One who can grant healing—He who has authority over all things.”

Texts in conversation

Compare 1 Corinthians 7:11 and Shepherd of Hermas 29:8

New Testament · Early Christian

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Summary

In 1 Corinthians, Paul tells a wife who leaves her husband to stay unmarried or be reconciled. In the Shepherd of Hermas, husbands and wives are similarly told to stay single after a divorce for adultery, and a sinning spouse may return after repenting.

Passages

1 Corinthians 7:11

New Testament
8 To the unmarried and widows I say that it is best for them to remain as I am. 9 But if they do not have self-control, let them get married. For it is better to marry than to burn with sexual desire. 10 To the married I give this command—not I, but the Lord—a wife should not divorce a husband 11 (but if she does, let her remain unmarried, or be reconciled to her husband), and a husband should not divorce his wife. 12 To the rest I say—I, not the Lord—if a brother has a wife who is not a believer and she is happy to live with him, he should not divorce her. 13 And if a woman has a husband who is not a believer and he is happy to live with her, she should not divorce him. 14 For the unbelieving husband is sanctified because of the wife, and the unbelieving wife because of her husband. Otherwise your children are unclean, but now they are holy. 15 But if the unbeliever wants a divorce, let it take place. In these circumstances the brother or sister is not bound. God has called you in peace. 16 For how do you know, wife, whether you will bring your husband to salvation? Or how do you know, husband, whether you will bring your wife to salvation?
55–57 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Corinthians

Shepherd of Hermas 29:8

Early Christian
7 “If then, Sir,” I said, “after the wife is divorced, she repents and wants to return to her own husband, should she not be taken back?” 8 “Certainly,” he said, “if the husband does not take her back, he sins and brings great sin on himself; indeed, the one who has sinned and has repented must be taken back, but not many times; for there is only one repentance for the servants of God. So, because of her repentance, the husband ought not to marry someone else. This is how husband and wife ought to act. 9 It is not only adultery if a person defiles their flesh, but whoever does things like the Gentiles also commits adultery. So if someone continues in such deeds and does not repent, keep away from them, and do not live with them. Otherwise, you too share in their sin. 10 For this reason you were commanded to remain single, whether husband or wife, for in such cases repentance can happen.
90–140 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Shepherd of Hermas

References

“... The Shepherd says that, in such a case, divorce is the proper response; remarriage would result in the man himself committing adultery. So he should remain single afterward in the hope that his former wife will repent and want to be taken back (29.6–7). [...] Pauline influence extends to the solution—singleness in the hope of reconciliation—that the Shepherd gives to the problems of adultery and divorce. Paul’s argument in 1 Cor 7:10–11 exhorts a separated wife to either remain unmarried or be reconciled to her husband. This is precisely the argument found in Mand. 4.1.8 [29.8], adapted only slightly: Hermas has expanded it to refer to both partners. ...”
Jonathan E. Soyars, The Shepherd of Hermas and the Pauline Legacy, NovTSup 176 (Leiden: Brill, 2019), 110–111.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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1 Corinthians 7:11 and Shepherd of Hermas 29:8

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