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Shepherd of Hermas

About this book

The Fourth Mandate, on Purity and Repentance

Chapter 29

1 “I command you,” he said, “to stay pure, and not to let a thought enter your heart about another man’s wife or about immorality or any similar evil deeds, for in doing so you commit a great sin. But remember your own wife always, and you will never go wrong. 2 For if this desire enters your heart, you will go wrong; and if any other evil desire like this arises, you commit sin. For this desire in a servant of God is a great sin; and if a person does this evil, they bring about their own death. 3 So pay attention. Abstain from this desire; for where holiness lives, lawlessness ought not to enter the heart of a righteous person.” 4 I said to him, “Sir, allow me to ask you a few more questions.” “Go ahead,” he said. “Sir,” I said, “if a man who has a wife who is faithful in the Lord finds her in adultery, does the husband sin by living with her?” 5 “As long as he does not know,” he said, “he does not sin; but if the husband knows about her sin, and the wife does not repent but continues in her immorality, and her husband lives with her, he becomes responsible for her sin and an accomplice in her adultery.” 6 “Then what, Sir,” I said, “must the husband do if the wife remains like this?” “Let him divorce her,” he said, “and let the husband remain alone; but if after divorcing his wife he marries another, he also commits adultery.”⁠ 7 “If then, Sir,” I said, “after the wife is divorced, she repents and wants to return to her own husband, should she not be taken back?” 8 “Certainly,” he said, “if the husband does not take her back, he sins and brings great sin on himself; indeed, the one who has sinned and has repented must be taken back, but not many times;⁠ for there is only one repentance for the servants of God. So, because of her repentance, the husband ought not to marry someone else. This is how husband and wife ought to act. 9 It is not only adultery if a person defiles their flesh, but whoever does things like the Gentiles also commits adultery. So if someone continues in such deeds and does not repent, keep away from them, and do not live with them. Otherwise, you too share in their sin. 10 For this reason you were commanded to remain single, whether husband or wife, for in such cases repentance can happen. 11 I,” he said, “am not giving an excuse for the matter to end like this, but saying this so that the sinner may sin no more. But as for their former sin, there is One who can grant healing—He who has authority over all things.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Matthew 19:9 and Shepherd of Hermas 29:6

New Testament · Early Christian

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Summary

In Matthew, Jesus says a man who divorces his wife, except for immorality, and remarries commits adultery. In the Shepherd of Hermas, a believer similarly may not remarry after divorcing an adulterous wife, but must take her back if she repents.

Passages

Matthew 19:9

New Testament
3 Then some Pharisees came to him in order to test him. They asked, “Is it lawful to divorce a wife for any cause?” 4 He answered, “Have you not read that from the beginning the Creator made them male and female, 5 and said, ‘For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and will be united with his wife, and the two will become one flesh’? 6 So they are no longer two, but one flesh. Therefore what God has joined together, let no one separate.” 7 They said to him, “Why then did Moses command us to give a certificate of dismissal and to divorce her?” 8 Jesus said to them, “Moses permitted you to divorce your wives because of your hard hearts, but from the beginning it was not this way. 9 Now I say to you that whoever divorces his wife, except for immorality, and marries another commits adultery.”
70–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Matthew

Shepherd of Hermas 29:6

Early Christian
4 I said to him, “Sir, allow me to ask you a few more questions.” “Go ahead,” he said. “Sir,” I said, “if a man who has a wife who is faithful in the Lord finds her in adultery, does the husband sin by living with her?” 5 “As long as he does not know,” he said, “he does not sin; but if the husband knows about her sin, and the wife does not repent but continues in her immorality, and her husband lives with her, he becomes responsible for her sin and an accomplice in her adultery.” 6 “Then what, Sir,” I said, “must the husband do if the wife remains like this?” “Let him divorce her,” he said, “and let the husband remain alone; but if after divorcing his wife he marries another, he also commits adultery.” 7 “If then, Sir,” I said, “after the wife is divorced, she repents and wants to return to her own husband, should she not be taken back?” 8 “Certainly,” he said, “if the husband does not take her back, he sins and brings great sin on himself; indeed, the one who has sinned and has repented must be taken back, but not many times; for there is only one repentance for the servants of God. So, because of her repentance, the husband ought not to marry someone else. This is how husband and wife ought to act.
90–140 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Shepherd of Hermas

References

“... If that is the case, then the "divorce" of the wife in the case of adultery is for all practical purposes a "separation." The situation is similar for Hermas, who categorically forbids a second marriage and designates as [...] "separation" without the possibility of a new marriage. [...] Hermas, Man. 4.1.4–8 = 29:4-8 (here, to be sure, with the possibility that the wife repents and returns to the husband). ...”
Ulrich Luz, Matthew 8–20: A Commentary, ed. Helmut Koester (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2001), 493.
“... The last sentence of v. 6 is a close parallel to the Synoptic saying, especially Matt 19:9. It demonstrates that the tradition represented by Matt 5:32; 19:9 was interpreted, at least here, as divorce meaning separation without remarriage. [...] It is interesting that the motivation for remaining unmarried after divorcing an adulterer here and in v. 10 is not the indissolubility of the marriage bond, but the possibility of a change of heart on the part of the one dismissed ...”
Carolyn Osiek, The Shepherd of Hermas: A Commentary, Herm (Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1999), 111.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Matthew 19:9 and Shepherd of Hermas 29:6

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