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Ruth

About this book
Chapter 3

1 At that time, Naomi, her mother-in-law, said to her, “My daughter, I must find a home for you so you will be secure. 2 Now Boaz, with whose female servants you worked, is our close relative. Look, tonight he is winnowing barley at the threshing floor. 3 So bathe yourself, rub on some perfumed oil, and get dressed up. Then go down to the threshing floor. But don’t let the man know you’re there until he finishes his meal. 4 When he gets ready to go to sleep, take careful notice of the place where he lies down. Then go, uncover his legs, and lie down beside him. He will tell you what you should do.” 5 Ruth replied to Naomi, “I will do everything you have told me to do.” 6 So she went down to the threshing floor and did everything her mother-in-law had instructed her to do. 7 When Boaz had finished his meal and was feeling satisfied,⁠ he lay down to sleep at the far end of the grain heap. Then Ruth crept up quietly, uncovered his legs, and lay down beside him.⁠ 8 In the middle of the night he was startled and turned over. Now he saw a woman lying beside him! 9 He said, “Who are you?” She replied, “I am Ruth, your servant. Spread your cloak over your servant,32⁠ for you are a guardian of the family interests.” 10 He said, “May you be rewarded by the Lord, my dear! This act of devotion is greater than what you did before. For you have not sought to marry one of the young men, whether rich or poor. 11 Now, my dear, don’t worry! I intend to do for you everything you propose, for everyone at the town gate42 knows that you are a woman of noble character.43⁠ 12 Now yes, it is true that I am a guardian, but there is another guardian who is a closer relative than I am. 13 Remain here tonight. Then in the morning, if he agrees to marry you, fine, let him do so. But if he does not want to do so, I promise, as surely as the Lord lives, to marry you. Sleep here until morning.” 14 So she slept beside him until morning. She woke up while it was still dark. Boaz thought, “No one must know that a woman visited the threshing floor.” 15 Then he said, “Hold out the shawl you are wearing and grip it tightly.” As she held it tightly, he measured out about 60 pounds of barley into the shawl and put it on her shoulders. Then he went into town, 16 and she returned to her mother-in-law. When Ruth returned to her mother-in-law, Naomi asked, “How did things turn out for you, my daughter?” Ruth told her about all the man had done for her. 17 She said, “He gave me these 60 pounds of barley, for he said to me, ‘Do not go to your mother-in-law empty-handed.’” 18 Then Naomi said, “Stay put, my daughter, until you know how the matter turns out. For the man will not rest until he has taken care of the matter today.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Ezekiel 16:8 and Ruth 3:9

Hebrew Bible

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Summary

Ruth asks Boaz to spread his cloak over her, using the same word for “wing” found in Ezekiel’s image of a marriage bond where a cloak covers nakedness. Both follow ancient Near Eastern customs where covering a woman marked her place in a new household.

Passages

Ezekiel 16:8

Hebrew Bible
6 “‘I passed by you and saw you kicking around helplessly in your blood. I said to you as you lay there in your blood, “Live!” I said to you as you lay there in your blood, “Live!” 7 I made you plentiful like sprouts in a field; you grew tall and came of age so that you could wear jewelry. Your breasts had formed and your hair had grown, but you were still naked and bare. 8 “‘Then I passed by you and watched you, noticing that you had reached the age for love. I spread my cloak over you and covered your nakedness. I swore a solemn oath to you and entered into a marriage covenant with you, declares the Sovereign Lord, and you became mine. 9 “‘Then I bathed you in water, washed the blood off you, and anointed you with fragrant oil. 10 I dressed you in embroidered clothing and put fine leather sandals on your feet. I wrapped you with fine linen and covered you with silk.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Ezekiel

Ruth 3:9

Hebrew Bible
7 When Boaz had finished his meal and was feeling satisfied, he lay down to sleep at the far end of the grain heap. Then Ruth crept up quietly, uncovered his legs, and lay down beside him. 8 In the middle of the night he was startled and turned over. Now he saw a woman lying beside him! 9 He said, “Who are you?” She replied, “I am Ruth, your servant. Spread your cloak over your servant,32 for you are a guardian of the family interests.” 10 He said, “May you be rewarded by the Lord, my dear! This act of devotion is greater than what you did before. For you have not sought to marry one of the young men, whether rich or poor. 11 Now, my dear, don’t worry! I intend to do for you everything you propose, for everyone at the town gate42 knows that you are a woman of noble character.43
300–201 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Ruth

References

"... The Hebrew word here [Ruth 3:9] translated ‘cloak’ literally means ‘wing’ and could refer to a loose flap of garment. It is widely thought that by performing this gesture Boaz would formally express his willingness to marry Ruth. The prophet Ezekiel (16:8) envisages the Lord addressing Jerusalem metaphorically as a mature young woman The Hebrew word ‘wing’ is used here also, and the expression is used again to symbolize marriage. K. van der Toorn sees in the performance of this act a variant of the veiling procedure, and develops the thought that the man, either by applying the veil to her or by enfolding her in his garment, shows that the woman now belongs to him. Furthermore, the man now has the responsibility of feeding and clothing his wife. So the veiling becomes in the first place a ‘symbol of appurtenance’, and the woman comes to belong to a new family ..."
Marten Stol, Women in the Ancient Near East, trans. Helen and Mervyn Richardson (Boston: Walter de Gruyter, 2016), 28.
"... In Ezekiel 16:8 we read, “I passed by you again and looked on you; you were at the age of love (i.e., sexual maturity). I spread the edge of my cloak over you, and covered your nakedness; I pledged myself to you and entered into a covenant with you, says YHWH God, and you became mine.” YHWH passes by and notes that she is old enough for love. He covers her nakedness – symbol of a marital bond – and offers her his love. He decides to enter into a covenant with her (verse 8), take her as his betrothed wife and give her all that is necessary for an exquisite royal wedding. “I pledged myself to you” is literally, “I swore to you,” the verb is niphal with a reflexive meaning, indicating the participation of both parties. “I spread the corner of my garment over you” (verse 8) as the symbol of marriage (Ruth 3:9). In the light of Mari Akkadian parallels, the spreading of a garment’s corner is interpreted by A. Finet as a symbolic act of aid and protection ..."
Daniel Bodi, “When YHWH's Wife, Jerusalem, Became a Strange Woman: Inversion of Values in Ezekiel 16 in Light of Ištar Cult,” in Foreign Women—Women in Foreign Lands: Studies on Foreignness and Gender in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East in the First Millennium BCE, ed. Angelika Berlejung and Marianne Grohmann (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2019), 77–108.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Ezekiel 16:8 and Ruth 3:9

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