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About this book

Romans

About this book
Chapter 3

1 Therefore what advantage does the Jew have, or what is the value of circumcision? 2 Actually, there are many advantages. First of all, the Jews were entrusted with the oracles of God.⁠ 3 What then? If some were unfaithful, their unfaithfulness will not nullify God’s faithfulness, will it? 4 Absolutely not! Let God be proven true, and every human being shown up as a liar, just as it is written: “so that you will be justified in your words and will prevail when you are judged.” 5 But if our unrighteousness demonstrates the righteousness of God, what shall we say? The God who inflicts wrath is not unrighteous, is he? (I am speaking in human terms.) 6 Absolutely not! For otherwise how could God judge the world? 7 For if by my lie the truth of God enhances his glory, why am I still actually being judged as a sinner? 8 And why not say, “Let us do evil so that good may come of it”?—as some who slander us allege that we say. (Their condemnation is deserved!) 9 What then? Are we better off? Certainly not, for we have already charged that Jews and Greeks alike are all under sin, 10 just as it is written: “There is no one righteous, not even one;⁠ 11 there is no one who understands; there is no one who seeks God. 12 All have turned away; together they have become worthless; there is no one who shows kindness, not even one.”⁠ 13 “Their throats are open graves;⁠ they deceive with their tongues; the poison of asps is under their lips.”⁠ 14 “Their mouths are full of cursing and bitterness.” 15 “Their feet are swift to shed blood; 16 ruin and misery are in their paths, 17 and the way of peace they have not known.” 18 “There is no fear of God before their eyes.” 19 Now we know that whatever the law says, it says to those who are under the law, so that every mouth may be silenced and the whole world may be held accountable to God. 20 For no one is declared righteous before him⁠ by the works of the law, for through the law comes the knowledge of sin.⁠ 21 But now apart from the law the righteousness of God (although it is attested by the law and the prophets) has been disclosed— 22 namely, the righteousness of God through the faithfulness of Jesus Christ for all who believe. For there is no distinction, 23 for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God. 24 But they are justified freely by his grace through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus. 25 God publicly displayed him at his death as the mercy seat accessible through faith. This was to demonstrate his righteousness because God in his forbearance had passed over the sins previously committed.⁠ 26 This was also to demonstrate his righteousness in the present time, so that he would be just and the justifier of the one who lives because of Jesus’ faithfulness. 27 Where, then, is boasting? It is excluded! By what principle? Of works? No, but by the principle of faith! 28 For we consider that a person is declared righteous by faith apart from the works of the law. 29 Or is God the God of the Jews only? Is he not the God of the Gentiles too? Yes, of the Gentiles too! 30 Since God is one, he will justify the circumcised by faith and the uncircumcised through faith. 31 Do we then nullify the law through faith? Absolutely not! Instead we uphold the law.

Texts in conversation

Compare 4 Maccabees 17:22 and Romans 3:25

Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry · New Testament

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Summary

In Romans, Paul uses Yom Kippur imagery to describe Jesus’ death as a public act of atonement. A similar idea is in 4 Maccabees, where the martyrs’ deaths bring redemption for the people, reflecting Jewish traditions of suffering and death as redemptive.

Passages

4 Maccabees 17:22

Pseudepigrapha, Wisdom and Poetry
19 For Moses says, “All the saints are under your hands.” 20 These, then, who have been consecrated for God’s sake, are honored not only with this honor, but also because through them the enemy did not overpower our nation, 21 the tyrant was punished, and the homeland was purified, since they became, as it were, a ransom for the sin of the nation. 22 And through the blood of those pious ones and their death as an atoning sacrifice, divine Providence saved Israel, which had previously been mistreated. 23 For when the tyrant Antiochus saw the courage of their virtue and their endurance under torture, he proclaimed their endurance to his soldiers as an example.
19–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 4 Maccabees

Romans 3:25

New Testament
21 But now apart from the law the righteousness of God (although it is attested by the law and the prophets) has been disclosed— 22 namely, the righteousness of God through the faithfulness of Jesus Christ for all who believe. For there is no distinction, 23 for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God. 24 But they are justified freely by his grace through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus. 25 God publicly displayed him at his death as the mercy seat accessible through faith. This was to demonstrate his righteousness because God in his forbearance had passed over the sins previously committed. 26 This was also to demonstrate his righteousness in the present time, so that he would be just and the justifier of the one who lives because of Jesus’ faithfulness.
55–58 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Romans

References

"... Stuhlmacher suggests that Paul uses a creedal text in Romans 3:25 to elucidate God’s offering up of Jesus as atonement. This creedal text incorporated the Yom Kippur ritual. Christ’s death, seen by all, replaced the Yom Kippur ritual, only seen by the high priest and God. The primitive church’s critique of the Yom Kippur ritual may have had its provenance with Stephen and his followers (Acts 6). After Stephen’s martyrdom and after the expulsion of his followers from Jerusalem, the tradition probably entered Antioch. Paul and fellow missionaries, who took the gospel to Rome, became acquainted with the tradition in Antioch. In Romans 3:25, Paul consciously refers to “statements of the faith that unite him with the Roman Christians.” The translation “sacrifice of atonement” has no support in the Greek sources, but can only be derived from a hypothetical reference to the Jewish martyrs in 4 Maccabees 17:21–22. However, Martyr Theology’s influence on Paul’s use does not fit philologically with the content of Romans 3:25 since the New Testament presents Jesus as more than a Jewish (prophetic) martyr. The term in Romans 3:25, then, refers to the mercy seat ..."
Jarvis J. Williams, Maccabean Martyr Traditions in Paul’s Theology of Atonement: Did Martyr Theology Shape Paul’s Conception of Jesus’s Death? (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2010), 1–22.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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4 Maccabees 17:22 and Romans 3:25

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