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Romans

About this book
Chapter 13

1 Let every person be subject to the governing authorities.⁠ For there is no authority except by God’s appointment,⁠ and the authorities that exist have been instituted by God.⁠ 2 So the person who resists such authority resists the ordinance of God,⁠ and those who resist will incur judgment 3 (for rulers cause no fear for good conduct but for bad). Do you desire not to fear authority? Do good and you will receive its commendation 4 because it is God’s servant for your well-being. But be afraid if you do wrong because government does not bear the sword for nothing. It is God’s servant to administer punishment on the person who does wrong. 5 Therefore it is necessary to be in subjection, not only because of the wrath of the authorities but also because of your conscience. 6 For this reason you also pay taxes, for the authorities are God’s servants devoted to governing.⁠ 7 Pay everyone what is owed: taxes to whom taxes are due, revenue to whom revenue is due, respect to whom respect is due, honor to whom honor is due. 8 Owe no one anything, except to love one another, for the one who loves his neighbor has fulfilled the law.⁠ 9 For the commandments, “Do not commit adultery, do not murder, do not steal, do not covet,” (and if there is any other commandment) are summed up in this, “Love your neighbor as yourself.” 10 Love does no wrong to a neighbor. Therefore love is the fulfillment of the law.⁠ 11 And do this because we know the time, that it is already the hour for us to awake from sleep, for our salvation is now nearer than when we became believers. 12 The night has advanced toward dawn; the day is near. So then we must lay aside the works of darkness, and put on the weapons of light. 13 Let us live decently as in the daytime, not in carousing and drunkenness, not in sexual immorality and sensuality, not in discord and jealousy. 14 Instead, put on the Lord Jesus Christ, and make no provision for the flesh to arouse its desires.

Texts in conversation

Compare Romans 13:2 and Josephus, The Jewish War 5.378

New Testament · Classical

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Summary

Josephus and Paul both express a similar idea that opposing Roman authority is equivalent to resisting God, suggesting an awareness and adaptation of Greco-Roman political thought within their Jewish traditions.

Passages

Romans 13:2

New Testament
1 Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except by God’s appointment, and the authorities that exist have been instituted by God. 2 So the person who resists such authority resists the ordinance of God, and those who resist will incur judgment 3 (for rulers cause no fear for good conduct but for bad). Do you desire not to fear authority? Do good and you will receive its commendation
55–58 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Romans

Josephus, The Jewish War 5.378

Classical
when was it that God, who is the Creator of the Jewish people, did not avenge them when they had been injured? Will not you turn again, and look back, and consider from where it is that you fight with such violence, and how great a Supporter you have profanely abused? Will not you recall to mind the prodigious things done for your forefathers and this holy place, and how great enemies of yours were by him subdued under you? I even tremble myself in declaring the works of God before your ears, that are unworthy to hear them; however, listen to me, that you may be informed how you fight not only against the Romans, but against God himself.

References

"... Following the Stoic Posidonius, Seneca supposed that “nature has the habit of subjecting the weaker to the stronger” (Seneca, Moral Epistles 90:4). Josephus also applied the law of the stronger. He tells how he admonished Jews to surrender during the siege of Jerusalem ... Josephus follows the theological tradition—already visible in Thucydides’ dialogue as the Athenian standpoint—in which divinity is on the side of the stronger. To make his point even clearer Josephus adds, “listen, that you may learn that you are warring not against the Romans only, but also against God” (The Jewish War 5.378–379). This is a very close parallel to Paul’s words: “whoever resists authority resists what God has appointed” (Romans 13:2). Here we see that both Josephus and Paul embraced the Greco-Roman political theology and adjusted it to their Jewish tradition ..."
Niko Huttunen, Early Christians Adapting to the Roman Empire: Mutual Recognition (Leiden: Brill, 2020), 67.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Romans 13:2 and Josephus, The Jewish War 5.378

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