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Romans

About this book
Chapter 13

1 Let every person be subject to the governing authorities.⁠ For there is no authority except by God’s appointment,⁠ and the authorities that exist have been instituted by God.⁠ 2 So the person who resists such authority resists the ordinance of God,⁠ and those who resist will incur judgment 3 (for rulers cause no fear for good conduct but for bad). Do you desire not to fear authority? Do good and you will receive its commendation 4 because it is God’s servant for your well-being. But be afraid if you do wrong because government does not bear the sword for nothing. It is God’s servant to administer punishment on the person who does wrong. 5 Therefore it is necessary to be in subjection, not only because of the wrath of the authorities but also because of your conscience. 6 For this reason you also pay taxes, for the authorities are God’s servants devoted to governing.⁠ 7 Pay everyone what is owed: taxes to whom taxes are due, revenue to whom revenue is due, respect to whom respect is due, honor to whom honor is due. 8 Owe no one anything, except to love one another, for the one who loves his neighbor has fulfilled the law.⁠ 9 For the commandments, “Do not commit adultery, do not murder, do not steal, do not covet,” (and if there is any other commandment) are summed up in this, “Love your neighbor as yourself.” 10 Love does no wrong to a neighbor. Therefore love is the fulfillment of the law.⁠ 11 And do this because we know the time, that it is already the hour for us to awake from sleep, for our salvation is now nearer than when we became believers. 12 The night has advanced toward dawn; the day is near. So then we must lay aside the works of darkness, and put on the weapons of light. 13 Let us live decently as in the daytime, not in carousing and drunkenness, not in sexual immorality and sensuality, not in discord and jealousy. 14 Instead, put on the Lord Jesus Christ, and make no provision for the flesh to arouse its desires.

Texts in conversation

Compare Romans 13:1 and Clement of Rome, 1 Clement 61:1

New Testament · Early Christian

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Summary

In 1 Clement, the author prays for rulers and says God gave them their authority, as Paul says in Romans, but goes further by making obedience to rulers part of obeying God, in a prayer that likely comes from Jewish worship friendly to Roman rule.

Passages

Romans 13:1

New Testament
1 Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except by God’s appointment, and the authorities that exist have been instituted by God. 2 So the person who resists such authority resists the ordinance of God, and those who resist will incur judgment 3 (for rulers cause no fear for good conduct but for bad). Do you desire not to fear authority? Do good and you will receive its commendation 4 because it is God’s servant for your well-being. But be afraid if you do wrong because government does not bear the sword for nothing. It is God’s servant to administer punishment on the person who does wrong. 5 Therefore it is necessary to be in subjection, not only because of the wrath of the authorities but also because of your conscience.
55–58 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Romans

Clement of Rome, 1 Clement 61:1

Early Christian · First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians
1 “You, Lord and Master, have given them the power of sovereignty through Your excellent and indescribable might, so that we, knowing the glory and honor You have given them, may submit to them, not resisting Your will in anything. Grant them therefore, Lord, health, peace, harmony, stability, so that they may administer without fault the government You have given them.” 2 “For You, heavenly Master, King of the ages, give to the sons of men glory and honor and power over all things on the earth. Lord, direct their counsel according to what is good and pleasing in Your sight, so that, administering in peace and gentleness with Godliness the power You have given them, they may obtain Your favor.”
90–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Clement of Rome, 1 Clement

References

“... In these types of texts the early church is an expression of the aspect of Hellenistic Judaism, which was friendly to Roman authority. 1 Clement 60.4—61.2 is part of a prayer that shows strongly Jewish origins (see Clement of Rome). Even more than Romans 13, it presents the civil authorities as lieutenants of God. In contrast to Romans 13 and 1 Clement 60–61, 1 Peter does not present the civil authorities as subordinate officers representing God. ...”
Ralph P. Martin and Peter H. Davids, eds., Dictionary of the Later New Testament & Its Developments (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1997), 383.
“... The following verse asserts that the rulers' ἐξουσίαν τῆς βασιλείας ('authority of sovereignty') has been given to them by God, along with their 'glory and honour' (61.1). And an intimate connection is drawn, again in parallel, between submission to rulers and obedience to God's will [...] 'submitting to them, in nothing opposing your will' (61.1). 'Obedience to God and obedience to rulers correspond.' Clement's prayer that Christians may be obedient, and his equation of civil obedience with conformity to the divine will, do not therefore represent an entirely uncritical acceptance of the state's use of its authority. Clement also prays that the rulers may govern ἀπροσκόπως ('without offence'; 61.1) ...”
David G. Horrell, The Social Ethos of the Corinthian Correspondence: Interests and Ideology from 1 Corinthians to 1 Clement (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1996), 273.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Romans 13:1 and Clement of Rome, 1 Clement 61:1

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