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Romans

About this book
Chapter 13

1 Let every person be subject to the governing authorities.⁠ For there is no authority except by God’s appointment,⁠ and the authorities that exist have been instituted by God.⁠ 2 So the person who resists such authority resists the ordinance of God,⁠ and those who resist will incur judgment 3 (for rulers cause no fear for good conduct but for bad). Do you desire not to fear authority? Do good and you will receive its commendation 4 because it is God’s servant for your well-being. But be afraid if you do wrong because government does not bear the sword for nothing. It is God’s servant to administer punishment on the person who does wrong. 5 Therefore it is necessary to be in subjection, not only because of the wrath of the authorities but also because of your conscience. 6 For this reason you also pay taxes, for the authorities are God’s servants devoted to governing.⁠ 7 Pay everyone what is owed: taxes to whom taxes are due, revenue to whom revenue is due, respect to whom respect is due, honor to whom honor is due. 8 Owe no one anything, except to love one another, for the one who loves his neighbor has fulfilled the law.⁠ 9 For the commandments, “Do not commit adultery, do not murder, do not steal, do not covet,” (and if there is any other commandment) are summed up in this, “Love your neighbor as yourself.” 10 Love does no wrong to a neighbor. Therefore love is the fulfillment of the law.⁠ 11 And do this because we know the time, that it is already the hour for us to awake from sleep, for our salvation is now nearer than when we became believers. 12 The night has advanced toward dawn; the day is near. So then we must lay aside the works of darkness, and put on the weapons of light. 13 Let us live decently as in the daytime, not in carousing and drunkenness, not in sexual immorality and sensuality, not in discord and jealousy. 14 Instead, put on the Lord Jesus Christ, and make no provision for the flesh to arouse its desires.

Texts in conversation

Compare Romans 13:1 and Bava Batra 54b

New Testament · Rabbinic

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Summary

In Romans, Paul teaches believers to obey governing authorities and pay taxes, treating civic duty as a moral duty. Rabbinic tradition in Bava Batra teaches a similar idea through “dina de malchuta dina,” which requires obedience to the laws of the land.

Passages

Romans 13:1

New Testament
1 Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except by God’s appointment, and the authorities that exist have been instituted by God. 2 So the person who resists such authority resists the ordinance of God, and those who resist will incur judgment 3 (for rulers cause no fear for good conduct but for bad). Do you desire not to fear authority? Do good and you will receive its commendation 4 because it is God’s servant for your well-being. But be afraid if you do wrong because government does not bear the sword for nothing. It is God’s servant to administer punishment on the person who does wrong. 5 Therefore it is necessary to be in subjection, not only because of the wrath of the authorities but also because of your conscience. 6 For this reason you also pay taxes, for the authorities are God’s servants devoted to governing. 7 Pay everyone what is owed: taxes to whom taxes are due, revenue to whom revenue is due, respect to whom respect is due, honor to whom honor is due.
55–58 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Romans

Bava Batra 54b

Rabbinic · Babylonian Talmud
Abaye said to Rav Yosef: Did Shmuel actually say this? But doesn’t Shmuel say that the law of the kingdom is the law, i.e., the halakha obligates Jews to observe the laws of the locale in which they reside, and the king said that land may not be acquired without a document? Therefore, taking possession should not be effective for acquisition. Rav Yosef said to him: I do not know how to reconcile this contradiction, but there was an incident in the village of Dura that was founded by shepherds, where there was a Jew who purchased land from a gentile by giving money, and in the interim another Jew came and plowed it a bit. The two Jews came before Rav Yehuda for a ruling, and he established the property in the possession of the second individual. This accords with the ruling of Shmuel that the property is ownerless until a Jew performs an act of acquisition.
450–550 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Bava Batra

References

"... Having discussed believers' relationships with each other and with nonbelievers (12:4-21), Paul naturally turns to how they should relate to the chief external institution, the state ... His advice, which can be seen as an application of 12:21, corresponds to Judaism's 'Dina dimalkuta dina', Aramaic for 'The law of the kingdom is Law,' Torah to be obeyed as if God had commanded it ..."
David H. Stern, Jewish New Testament Commentary (Jewish New Testament Publications, 1994), 429.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Romans 13:1 and Bava Batra 54b

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