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Romans

About this book
Chapter 13

1 Let every person be subject to the governing authorities.⁠ For there is no authority except by God’s appointment,⁠ and the authorities that exist have been instituted by God.⁠ 2 So the person who resists such authority resists the ordinance of God,⁠ and those who resist will incur judgment 3 (for rulers cause no fear for good conduct but for bad). Do you desire not to fear authority? Do good and you will receive its commendation 4 because it is God’s servant for your well-being. But be afraid if you do wrong because government does not bear the sword for nothing. It is God’s servant to administer punishment on the person who does wrong. 5 Therefore it is necessary to be in subjection, not only because of the wrath of the authorities but also because of your conscience. 6 For this reason you also pay taxes, for the authorities are God’s servants devoted to governing.⁠ 7 Pay everyone what is owed: taxes to whom taxes are due, revenue to whom revenue is due, respect to whom respect is due, honor to whom honor is due. 8 Owe no one anything, except to love one another, for the one who loves his neighbor has fulfilled the law.⁠ 9 For the commandments, “Do not commit adultery, do not murder, do not steal, do not covet,” (and if there is any other commandment) are summed up in this, “Love your neighbor as yourself.” 10 Love does no wrong to a neighbor. Therefore love is the fulfillment of the law.⁠ 11 And do this because we know the time, that it is already the hour for us to awake from sleep, for our salvation is now nearer than when we became believers. 12 The night has advanced toward dawn; the day is near. So then we must lay aside the works of darkness, and put on the weapons of light. 13 Let us live decently as in the daytime, not in carousing and drunkenness, not in sexual immorality and sensuality, not in discord and jealousy. 14 Instead, put on the Lord Jesus Christ, and make no provision for the flesh to arouse its desires.

Texts in conversation

Compare Romans 13:1 and 1 Peter 2:13

New Testament

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Summary

1 Peter follows the language and argument of Romans 13, teaching submission to government as part of a divinely ordered system. This connection suggests that 1 Peter depends directly on Romans, suggesting a later date when it was written.

Passages

Romans 13:1

New Testament
1 Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except by God’s appointment, and the authorities that exist have been instituted by God. 2 So the person who resists such authority resists the ordinance of God, and those who resist will incur judgment 3 (for rulers cause no fear for good conduct but for bad). Do you desire not to fear authority? Do good and you will receive its commendation 4 because it is God’s servant for your well-being. But be afraid if you do wrong because government does not bear the sword for nothing. It is God’s servant to administer punishment on the person who does wrong.
55–58 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Romans

1 Peter 2:13

New Testament
13 Be subject to every human institution for the Lord’s sake, whether to a king as supreme 14 or to governors as those he commissions to punish wrongdoers and praise those who do good. 15 For God wants you to silence the ignorance of foolish people by doing good. 16 Live as free people, not using your freedom as a pretext for evil, but as God’s slaves. 17 Honor all people, love the family of believers, fear God, honor the king.
80–90 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Peter

References

"... The Pauline theme of obedient and respectful submission by Christians to governmental authorities was soon echoed in the admonition found in 1 Peter 2: 13-17. In fact, Cullmann has described the Petrine passage as 'the first exegesis' of Romans 13: 1-7 ..."
James E. Wood, “The Dialectic of Romans 13:1-7 and Revelation 13: Part One,” Journal of Church and State 18.3 (1976): 434.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Romans 13:1 and 1 Peter 2:13

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