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Revelation

About this book
Chapter 17

1 Then one of the seven angels who had the seven bowls came and spoke to me. “Come,” he said, “I will show you the condemnation and punishment of the great prostitute who sits on many waters,⁠ 2 with whom the kings of the earth committed sexual immorality and the earth’s inhabitants got drunk with the wine of her immorality.” 3 So he carried me away in the Spirit to a wilderness, and there I saw a woman sitting on a scarlet beast that was full of blasphemous names and had seven heads and ten horns. 4 Now the woman was dressed in purple and scarlet clothing, and adorned with gold, precious stones, and pearls. She held in her hand a golden cup filled with detestable things and unclean things from her sexual immorality. 5 On her forehead was written a name, a mystery: “Babylon the Great, the Mother of prostitutes and of the detestable things of the earth.” 6 I saw that the woman was drunk with the blood of the saints and the blood of those who testified to Jesus. I was greatly astounded when I saw her. 7 But the angel said to me, “Why are you astounded? I will interpret for you the mystery of the woman and of the beast with the seven heads and ten horns that carries her. 8 The beast you saw was, and is not, but is about to come up from the abyss and then go to destruction. The inhabitants of the earth—all those whose names have not been written in the book of life since the foundation of the world—will be astounded when they see that the beast was, and is not, but is to come. 9 (This requires a mind that has wisdom.) The seven heads are seven mountains the woman sits on. They are also seven kings:⁠ 10 five have fallen; one is, and the other has not yet come, but whenever he does come, he must remain for only a brief time. 11 The beast that was, and is not, is himself an eighth king and yet is one of the seven, and is going to destruction. 12 The ten horns that you saw are ten kings who have not yet received a kingdom, but will receive ruling authority as kings with the beast for one hour.⁠ 13 These kings have a single intent, and they will give their power and authority to the beast. 14 They will make war with the Lamb, but the Lamb will conquer them, because he is Lord of lords and King of kings,⁠ and those accompanying the Lamb are the called, chosen, and faithful.”⁠ 15 Then the angel said to me, “The waters you saw (where the prostitute is seated) are peoples, multitudes, nations, and languages. 16 The ten horns that you saw, and the beast—these will hate the prostitute and make her desolate and naked. They will consume her flesh and burn her up with fire.⁠ 17 For God has put into their minds to carry out his purpose by making a decision to give their royal power to the beast until the words of God are fulfilled. 18 As for the woman you saw, she is the great city that has sovereignty over the kings of the earth.”

Texts in conversation

Compare Leviticus 21:9 and Revelation 17:16

Hebrew Bible · New Testament

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Summary

Revelation’s description of Babylon as a prostitute punished by burning is based on Leviticus, which requires death for a priest’s daughter who disgraces her family through prostitution. This punishment connects Babylon’s fate with priestly imagery.

Passages

Leviticus 21:9

Hebrew Bible
5 Priests must not have a bald spot shaved on their head, they must not shave the corner of their beard, and they must not cut slashes in their body. 6 “‘They must be holy to their God, and they must not profane the name of their God, because they are the ones who present the Lord’s gifts, the food of their God. Therefore they must be holy. 7 They must not take a wife defiled by prostitution, nor are they to take a wife divorced from her husband, for the priest is holy to his God. 8 You must sanctify him because he presents the food of your God. He must be holy to you because I, the Lord who sanctifies you all, am holy. 9 If a daughter of a priest profanes herself by engaging in prostitution, she is profaning her father. She must be burned to death. 10 “‘The high priest—who is greater than his brothers, and on whose head the anointing oil is poured, and who has been ordained to wear the priestly garments—must neither dishevel the hair of his head nor tear his garments.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Leviticus

Revelation 17:16

New Testament
12 The ten horns that you saw are ten kings who have not yet received a kingdom, but will receive ruling authority as kings with the beast for one hour. 13 These kings have a single intent, and they will give their power and authority to the beast. 14 They will make war with the Lamb, but the Lamb will conquer them, because he is Lord of lords and King of kings, and those accompanying the Lamb are the called, chosen, and faithful.” 15 Then the angel said to me, “The waters you saw (where the prostitute is seated) are peoples, multitudes, nations, and languages. 16 The ten horns that you saw, and the beast—these will hate the prostitute and make her desolate and naked. They will consume her flesh and burn her up with fire.
92–96 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Revelation

References

“... The angel then describes division in the ranks of evil: And the ten horns that you saw, they and the beast will hate the whore. With traditional graphic metaphors, Revelation describes the destruction of Rome by the beast and his ten subordinate rulers (Isa. 49:26; Ezek. 16:35-41; 23:25-31; Hos. 2:2-7; Mic. 3:1-3). With the phrase make her desolate, literally “make her a desert,” the image changes from the waters back to the wilderness, using a word from the phrase “desolating sacrilege” (Luke 21:20). That she is naked contrasts with the luxurious clothes she formerly wore (v. 4). The beast and its ten horns then devour the whore, like the wild dogs that ate the flesh of the idolatrous Queen Jezebel (2 Kings 9:30-37; see also Jer. 10:25; Ezek. 39:4,17-20; Zeph. 3:3). The beast and his confederates will, in turn, be devoured like the whore (Rev. 19:17-21). Finally, the tormenters of the whore will burn her up with fire, the traditional punishment for harlotry (Lev. 21:9; cf. 18:8-9; Josh. 7:15; Jer. 38:18, 23). No doubt this is also an allusion to the suspicion that Nero set fire to Rome in A.D. 64 (Tac., Annals 15.38-41). The entire picture is one of mutiny—the beast (emperor) and his horn (provincial rulers) turning against the whore (city of Rome; see Ezek. 38:21; Hag. 2:22; Zech. 14:13). More symbolically, Rome’s power of seduction has become disgusting, like a whore who is destroyed by her clients. ...”
John R. Yeatts, Revelation (Scottdale, PA: Herald, 2003), 321.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Leviticus 21:9 and Revelation 17:16

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