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Revelation

About this book
Chapter 17

1 Then one of the seven angels who had the seven bowls came and spoke to me. “Come,” he said, “I will show you the condemnation and punishment of the great prostitute who sits on many waters,⁠ 2 with whom the kings of the earth committed sexual immorality and the earth’s inhabitants got drunk with the wine of her immorality.” 3 So he carried me away in the Spirit to a wilderness, and there I saw a woman sitting on a scarlet beast that was full of blasphemous names and had seven heads and ten horns. 4 Now the woman was dressed in purple and scarlet clothing, and adorned with gold, precious stones, and pearls. She held in her hand a golden cup filled with detestable things and unclean things from her sexual immorality. 5 On her forehead was written a name, a mystery: “Babylon the Great, the Mother of prostitutes and of the detestable things of the earth.” 6 I saw that the woman was drunk with the blood of the saints and the blood of those who testified to Jesus. I was greatly astounded when I saw her. 7 But the angel said to me, “Why are you astounded? I will interpret for you the mystery of the woman and of the beast with the seven heads and ten horns that carries her. 8 The beast you saw was, and is not, but is about to come up from the abyss and then go to destruction. The inhabitants of the earth—all those whose names have not been written in the book of life since the foundation of the world—will be astounded when they see that the beast was, and is not, but is to come. 9 (This requires a mind that has wisdom.) The seven heads are seven mountains the woman sits on. They are also seven kings:⁠ 10 five have fallen; one is, and the other has not yet come, but whenever he does come, he must remain for only a brief time. 11 The beast that was, and is not, is himself an eighth king and yet is one of the seven, and is going to destruction. 12 The ten horns that you saw are ten kings who have not yet received a kingdom, but will receive ruling authority as kings with the beast for one hour.⁠ 13 These kings have a single intent, and they will give their power and authority to the beast. 14 They will make war with the Lamb, but the Lamb will conquer them, because he is Lord of lords and King of kings,⁠ and those accompanying the Lamb are the called, chosen, and faithful.”⁠ 15 Then the angel said to me, “The waters you saw (where the prostitute is seated) are peoples, multitudes, nations, and languages. 16 The ten horns that you saw, and the beast—these will hate the prostitute and make her desolate and naked. They will consume her flesh and burn her up with fire.⁠ 17 For God has put into their minds to carry out his purpose by making a decision to give their royal power to the beast until the words of God are fulfilled. 18 As for the woman you saw, she is the great city that has sovereignty over the kings of the earth.”

Texts in conversation

Compare 3 Maccabees 5:35 and Revelation 17:14

Deuterocanon · New Testament

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Summary

Revelation 17 and 3 Maccabees 5 both use the title King of kings, based on ancient Near Eastern royal language later applied to Israel’s God. Both follow a Jewish tradition that adapts this title, once used for royalty, to emphasize divine rule.

Passages

3 Maccabees 5:35

Deuterocanon
33 Hermon, being threatened in this unexpected and alarming manner, was troubled in his eyes, and his face fell. 34 The friends, too, stole out one by one, and dismissed the assembled multitudes to their respective occupations. 35 The Jews, having heard of these events, praised the glorious God and King of kings, because they had obtained this help, too, from him. 36 Now the king arranged another banquet in the same way, and proclaimed an invitation to mirth.
100 BCE – 70 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 3 Maccabees

Revelation 17:14

New Testament
12 The ten horns that you saw are ten kings who have not yet received a kingdom, but will receive ruling authority as kings with the beast for one hour. 13 These kings have a single intent, and they will give their power and authority to the beast. 14 They will make war with the Lamb, but the Lamb will conquer them, because he is Lord of lords and King of kings, and those accompanying the Lamb are the called, chosen, and faithful.” 15 Then the angel said to me, “The waters you saw (where the prostitute is seated) are peoples, multitudes, nations, and languages. 16 The ten horns that you saw, and the beast—these will hate the prostitute and make her desolate and naked. They will consume her flesh and burn her up with fire.
92–96 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Revelation

References

"... Daniel 4 is the probable background for the title since allusions to Daniel 4 and 7 occur in the context of Revelation 17:14. Perhaps the argument from word order should also be added, for the phrase 'Lord of lords and King of kings' occurs in that order in LXX Daniel 4:37. Even though Beale is correct that the title in Revelation 17:14 has its closest verbal parallel in LXX Daniel 4:37, his arguments are nevertheless problematic: (1) There is no clear evidence elsewhere in Revelation for allusions to LXX Daniel. (2) The title occurs as an address to God at the beginning of a prayer in 1 Enoch 9:4 and in a context of praise to God in LXX Daniel 4:37, i.e., in very similar contexts. (3) It is not possible to determine whether LXX Daniel 4:37 influenced 1 Enoch 9:4 or whether 1 Enoch 9:4 influenced LXX Daniel 4:37 (the date of both translations is problematic; the existence of a translation of all or part of 1 Enoch in the first century A.D. is rendered probable by the quotation of 1 Enoch 1:9 in Jude 14–15). The title 'King of kings' is also applied to Yahweh in early Jewish literature (2 Maccabees 13:4; 3 Maccabees 5:35; 1 Enoch 9:4; 63:4; 84:2; 1QM 14:16; 4Q491 = 4QMa frags. 8–10, line 13; 4Q381 = 4QNon-Canonical Psalms B frags. 76–77, line 7; Philo Spec. Leg. 1.18; Decal. 41; Testament of Moses 8:1). It is also a title for God found in the Mishnah (m. Sanh. 4:5), as is the even more comprehensive title 'King of kings of kings' (m. Avot 3:1; 4:22; Ma'aseh Merkavah 551, 552, 555, 558) ..."
David E. Aune, Word Biblical Commentary: Revelation 17-22 (Dallas: Word, 1998), 107–108.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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3 Maccabees 5:35 and Revelation 17:14

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