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Revelation

About this book
Chapter 13

1 Then I saw a beast coming up out of the sea. It had ten horns and seven heads, and on its horns were ten diadem crowns, and on its heads a blasphemous name.⁠ 2 Now the beast that I saw was like a leopard, but its feet were like a bear’s, and its mouth was like a lion’s mouth.⁠ The dragon gave the beast his power, his throne, and great authority to rule. 3 One of the beast’s heads appeared to have been killed, but the lethal wound had been healed. And the whole world followed the beast in amazement; 4 they worshiped the dragon because he had given ruling authority to the beast, and they worshiped the beast too, saying: “Who is like the beast?” and “Who is able to make war against him?” 5 The beast was given a mouth speaking proud words and blasphemies, and he was permitted to exercise ruling authority for forty-two months. 6 So the beast opened his mouth to blaspheme against God—to blaspheme both his name and his dwelling place, that is, those who dwell in heaven. 7 The beast was permitted to go to war against the saints and conquer them. He was given ruling authority over every tribe, people, language, and nation,⁠ 8 and all those who live on the earth will worship the beast, everyone whose name has not been written since the foundation of the world in the book of life belonging to the Lamb who was killed. 9 If anyone has an ear, he had better listen! 10 If anyone is meant for captivity, into captivity he will go. If anyone is to be killed by the sword, then by the sword he must be killed.⁠ This requires steadfast endurance and faith from the saints. 11 Then I saw another beast coming up from the earth. He had two horns like a lamb, but was speaking like a dragon. 12 He exercised all the ruling authority of the first beast on his behalf, and made the earth and those who inhabit it worship the first beast, the one whose lethal wound had been healed. 13 He performed momentous signs, even making fire come down from heaven to earth in front of people 14 and, by the signs he was permitted to perform on behalf of the beast, he deceived those who live on the earth. He told those who live on the earth to make an image to the beast who had been wounded by the sword, but still lived. 15 The second beast was empowered to give life to the image of the first beast so that it could speak, and could cause all those who did not worship the image of the beast to be killed.⁠ 16 He also caused everyone (small and great, rich and poor, free and slave) to obtain a mark on their right hand or on their forehead.⁠ 17 Thus no one was allowed to buy or sell things unless he bore the mark of the beast—that is, his name or his number.⁠ 18 This calls for wisdom: Let the one who has insight calculate the beast’s number, for it is man’s number, and his number is 666.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare Revelation 13:18 and Testament of Solomon 29

New Testament · Pseudepigrapha, Testaments

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Summary

Revelation and the Testament of Solomon both use Hebrew gematria, a tradition of assigning numbers to names. Revelation uses this to calculate the beast’s number, and the Testament of Solomon similarly uses them to describe demons.

Passages

Revelation 13:18

New Testament
15 The second beast was empowered to give life to the image of the first beast so that it could speak, and could cause all those who did not worship the image of the beast to be killed. 16 He also caused everyone (small and great, rich and poor, free and slave) to obtain a mark on their right hand or on their forehead. 17 Thus no one was allowed to buy or sell things unless he bore the mark of the beast—that is, his name or his number. 18 This calls for wisdom: Let the one who has insight calculate the beast’s number, for it is man’s number, and his number is 666.
92–96 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Revelation

Testament of Solomon 29

Pseudepigrapha, Testaments
28 I then said to him, 'Bring me your child, who, as you claim, is in the Red Sea.' But he replied, 'I will not bring him to you. However, another demon called Ephippas will be compelled to bring him up from the deep to me.' I then inquired, 'Why is your son in the depth of the sea, and what is his name?' He answered, 'Do not ask me, for you cannot learn it from me. Nonetheless, he will come at your command and reveal everything openly.' 29 I said to him, 'Tell me by what angel you are thwarted.' And he replied, 'By the holy and precious name of the Almighty God, called by the Hebrews by a row of numbers, totaling 644, and by the Greeks, it is Emmanuel. If one of the Romans adjures me by the mighty name of the power Eleéth, I vanish at once.'
100–900 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Testament of Solomon

References

"... quite apart from the question of date, the very different content of these Solomonic texts indicates that they cannot be demonstrated to be more influential on the Apocalypse at Revelation 13:18 than the material from Kings (and Chronicles) discussed above. The most pertinent material, perhaps, might be the traditions found in the Testament of Solomon, but there is no positive mention of Solomon – as an exorcist or otherwise – in Revelation. Most telling of all, on the matter of distinctive content, is that none of these positive texts about Solomon mention 666. Third, it must be recalled that the kind of echoing or metaleptic activity posited here between Solomon and 666 in Revelation 13:18 generates or activates connections between the texts in question but does not require one-to-one correspondence in every detail. And so, fourth and finally, the relationship between 666 and Solomon need not and should not be construed as inflexible, let alone be misunderstood as one of complete identity or total identicalness ..."
Keith Bodner and Brent A. Strawn, Solomon and 666 (Revelation 13:18) (New Testament Studies, No. 66, 2020), 299–312.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Revelation 13:18 and Testament of Solomon 29

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