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Revelation

About this book
Chapter 13

1 Then I saw a beast coming up out of the sea. It had ten horns and seven heads, and on its horns were ten diadem crowns, and on its heads a blasphemous name.⁠ 2 Now the beast that I saw was like a leopard, but its feet were like a bear’s, and its mouth was like a lion’s mouth.⁠ The dragon gave the beast his power, his throne, and great authority to rule. 3 One of the beast’s heads appeared to have been killed, but the lethal wound had been healed. And the whole world followed the beast in amazement; 4 they worshiped the dragon because he had given ruling authority to the beast, and they worshiped the beast too, saying: “Who is like the beast?” and “Who is able to make war against him?” 5 The beast was given a mouth speaking proud words and blasphemies, and he was permitted to exercise ruling authority for forty-two months. 6 So the beast opened his mouth to blaspheme against God—to blaspheme both his name and his dwelling place, that is, those who dwell in heaven. 7 The beast was permitted to go to war against the saints and conquer them. He was given ruling authority over every tribe, people, language, and nation,⁠ 8 and all those who live on the earth will worship the beast, everyone whose name has not been written since the foundation of the world in the book of life belonging to the Lamb who was killed. 9 If anyone has an ear, he had better listen! 10 If anyone is meant for captivity, into captivity he will go. If anyone is to be killed by the sword, then by the sword he must be killed.⁠ This requires steadfast endurance and faith from the saints. 11 Then I saw another beast coming up from the earth. He had two horns like a lamb, but was speaking like a dragon. 12 He exercised all the ruling authority of the first beast on his behalf, and made the earth and those who inhabit it worship the first beast, the one whose lethal wound had been healed. 13 He performed momentous signs, even making fire come down from heaven to earth in front of people 14 and, by the signs he was permitted to perform on behalf of the beast, he deceived those who live on the earth. He told those who live on the earth to make an image to the beast who had been wounded by the sword, but still lived. 15 The second beast was empowered to give life to the image of the first beast so that it could speak, and could cause all those who did not worship the image of the beast to be killed.⁠ 16 He also caused everyone (small and great, rich and poor, free and slave) to obtain a mark on their right hand or on their forehead.⁠ 17 Thus no one was allowed to buy or sell things unless he bore the mark of the beast—that is, his name or his number.⁠ 18 This calls for wisdom: Let the one who has insight calculate the beast’s number, for it is man’s number, and his number is 666.⁠

Texts in conversation

Compare 4 Ezra 12:11 and Revelation 13:1

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · New Testament

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Summary

Revelation describes a beast rising from the sea with animal features, crowns, and great power, language also used in 4 Ezra, which similarly describes a beast that represents an empire. Both reshape Daniel’s imagery of beasts as symbols of empires.

Passages

4 Ezra 12:11

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · 2 Esdras
8 strengthen me then, and show me, your servant, the interpretation and plain meaning of this fearful vision, that you may fully comfort my soul. 9 For you have judged me worthy to show me the end of time and the last events of the times.” 10 He said to me, “This is the interpretation of this vision which you saw: 11 The eagle, whom you saw come up from the sea, is the fourth kingdom which appeared in a vision to your brother Daniel. 12 But it was not explained to him, as I now explain it to you or have explained it. 13 Behold, the days come that a kingdom will rise up on earth, and it will be feared more than all the kingdoms that were before it. 14 Twelve kings will reign in it, one after another. 15 Of those, the second will begin to reign, and will reign a longer time than others of the twelve.
70–132 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 4 Ezra

Revelation 13:1

New Testament
1 Then I saw a beast coming up out of the sea. It had ten horns and seven heads, and on its horns were ten diadem crowns, and on its heads a blasphemous name. 2 Now the beast that I saw was like a leopard, but its feet were like a bear’s, and its mouth was like a lion’s mouth. The dragon gave the beast his power, his throne, and great authority to rule. 3 One of the beast’s heads appeared to have been killed, but the lethal wound had been healed. And the whole world followed the beast in amazement; 4 they worshiped the dragon because he had given ruling authority to the beast, and they worshiped the beast too, saying: “Who is like the beast?” and “Who is able to make war against him?” 5 The beast was given a mouth speaking proud words and blasphemies, and he was permitted to exercise ruling authority for forty-two months.
92–96 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Revelation

References

"... Older material is reused and updated in 4 Ezra, as in 1 Enoch and other apocalypses. The clearest example of this comes in the interpretation of the eagle vision ... A similar identification of the fourth beast of Daniel's vision with the Roman Empire is made in other contemporary apocalypses (Revelation 13:1-18; compare 2 Baruch 39:5). The account of the apparition of the man from the sea (13:1-13) may also draw on pre-existing sources, as the explanation given (13:21-50) does not exactly match the details of the vision ..."
Susan E. Docherty, The Jewish Pseudepigrapha: An Introduction to the Literature of the Second Temple Period (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 2014), 139–141.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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4 Ezra 12:11 and Revelation 13:1

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