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About this book

Revelation

About this book
Chapter 1

1 The revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave him to show his servants what must happen very soon. He made it clear by sending his angel to his servant John, 2 who then testified to everything that he saw concerning the word of God and the testimony about Jesus Christ. 3 Blessed is the one who reads the words of this prophecy aloud, and blessed are those who hear and obey the things written in it, because the time is near! 4 From John, to the seven churches that are in the province of Asia: Grace and peace to you from “he who is,” and who was, and who is still to come, and from the seven spirits who are before his throne,⁠ 5 and from Jesus Christ—the faithful witness, the firstborn from among the dead, the ruler over the kings of the earth.⁠ To the one who loves us and has set us free from our sins at the cost of his own blood 6 and has appointed us as a kingdom, as priests serving his God and Father—to him be the glory and the power for ever and ever! Amen. 7 (Look! He is returning with the clouds,⁠ and every eye will see him, even those who pierced him, and all the tribes on the earth will mourn because of him. This will certainly come to pass! Amen.) 8 “I am the Alpha and the Omega,” says the Lord God—the one who is, and who was, and who is still to come—the All-Powerful! 9 I, John, your brother and the one who shares with you in the persecution, kingdom, and endurance that are in Jesus, was on the island called Patmos because of the word of God and the testimony about Jesus. 10 I was in the Spirit on the Lord’s Day⁠ when I heard behind me a loud voice like a trumpet, 11 saying: “Write in a book what you see and send it to the seven churches—to⁠ Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodicea.” 12 I turned to see whose voice was speaking to me, and when I did so, I saw seven golden lampstands, 13 and in the midst of the lampstands was one like a son of man. He was dressed in a robe extending down to his feet, and he wore a wide golden belt around his chest.⁠ 14 His head and hair were as white as wool, even as white as snow, and his eyes were like a fiery flame.⁠ 15 His feet were like polished bronze refined in a furnace,⁠ and his voice was like the roar of many waters.⁠ 16 He held seven stars in his right hand,⁠ and a sharp double-edged sword extended out of his mouth.⁠ His face shone like the sun shining at full strength. 17 When I saw him I fell down at his feet as though I were dead, but he placed his right hand on me and said: “Do not be afraid! I am the first and the last,⁠ 18 and the one who lives! I was dead, but look, now I am alive—forever and ever—and I hold the keys of death and of Hades! 19 Therefore write what you saw, what is, and what will be after these things. 20 The mystery of the seven stars that you saw in my right hand and the seven golden lampstands is this: The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches, and the seven lampstands are the seven churches.

Texts in conversation

Compare Ezekiel 1:7 and Revelation 1:15

Hebrew Bible · New Testament

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Summary

Revelation’s description of Jesus with feet glowing like bronze is based on similar language from texts like Ezekiel, which is in turn based on ancient Near Eastern melammu traditions, where heavenly beings shine with similar metallic brightness.

Passages

Ezekiel 1:7

Hebrew Bible
4 As I watched, I noticed a windstorm coming from the north—an enormous cloud, with lightning flashing, such that bright light rimmed it and came from it like glowing amber from the middle of a fire. 5 In the fire were what looked like four living beings. In their appearance they had human form, 6 but each had four faces and four wings. 7 Their legs were straight, but the soles of their feet were like calves’ feet. They gleamed like polished bronze. 8 They had human hands under their wings on their four sides. As for the faces and wings of the four of them, 9 their wings touched each other; they did not turn as they moved, but went straight ahead. 10 Their faces had this appearance: Each of the four had the face of a man, with the face of a lion on the right, the face of an ox on the left, and also the face of an eagle.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Ezekiel

Revelation 1:15

New Testament
12 I turned to see whose voice was speaking to me, and when I did so, I saw seven golden lampstands, 13 and in the midst of the lampstands was one like a son of man. He was dressed in a robe extending down to his feet, and he wore a wide golden belt around his chest. 14 His head and hair were as white as wool, even as white as snow, and his eyes were like a fiery flame. 15 His feet were like polished bronze refined in a furnace, and his voice was like the roar of many waters. 16 He held seven stars in his right hand, and a sharp double-edged sword extended out of his mouth. His face shone like the sun shining at full strength. 17 When I saw him I fell down at his feet as though I were dead, but he placed his right hand on me and said: “Do not be afraid! I am the first and the last,
92–96 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Revelation

References

"... Use of bronze as a figure of speech is concentrated in the Old Testament poetry and prophets (two-thirds of the uses in these books are figurative) and the book of Revelation. When used figuratively, bronze often connotes strength, as seen in Job’s questions “Do I have strength of stone? Is my flesh bronze?” (Job 6:12), or when describing Leviathan, who cannot be fettered, it is said that “iron he treats like straw and bronze like rotten wood” (Job 41:27). In Jeremiah’s call to service he is told that God has “made you a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall to stand against the whole land” (Jeremiah 1:18). Hard and smooth, in judgment the ground will be made infertile: “I will break down your stubborn pride and make the sky above you like iron and the ground beneath you like bronze” (Leviticus 26:19; Compare Deuteronomy 28:23; Job 37:18). Polished and shiny, bronze was used for mirrors in the ancient world and is associated with shining and radiance. Bronze as associated with radiance is found in Revelation 1:15: “His feet were like bronze glowing in a furnace, and his voice was like the sound of rushing waters”. Ezekiel’s heavenly creatures had legs that “gleamed liked burnished bronze” (Ezekiel 1:7), and later Ezekiel encountered a man whose “face shone like polished bronze” (Ezekiel 40:3) ..."
Leland Ryken, James C. Wilhoit, and Tremper Longman III, eds., Dictionary of Biblical Imagery (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1998), 457–458.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Ezekiel 1:7 and Revelation 1:15

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