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Revelation

About this book
Chapter 1

1 The revelation of Jesus Christ, which God gave him to show his servants what must happen very soon. He made it clear by sending his angel to his servant John, 2 who then testified to everything that he saw concerning the word of God and the testimony about Jesus Christ. 3 Blessed is the one who reads the words of this prophecy aloud, and blessed are those who hear and obey the things written in it, because the time is near! 4 From John, to the seven churches that are in the province of Asia: Grace and peace to you from “he who is,” and who was, and who is still to come, and from the seven spirits who are before his throne,⁠ 5 and from Jesus Christ—the faithful witness, the firstborn from among the dead, the ruler over the kings of the earth.⁠ To the one who loves us and has set us free from our sins at the cost of his own blood 6 and has appointed us as a kingdom, as priests serving his God and Father—to him be the glory and the power for ever and ever! Amen. 7 (Look! He is returning with the clouds,⁠ and every eye will see him, even those who pierced him, and all the tribes on the earth will mourn because of him. This will certainly come to pass! Amen.) 8 “I am the Alpha and the Omega,” says the Lord God—the one who is, and who was, and who is still to come—the All-Powerful! 9 I, John, your brother and the one who shares with you in the persecution, kingdom, and endurance that are in Jesus, was on the island called Patmos because of the word of God and the testimony about Jesus. 10 I was in the Spirit on the Lord’s Day⁠ when I heard behind me a loud voice like a trumpet, 11 saying: “Write in a book what you see and send it to the seven churches—to⁠ Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodicea.” 12 I turned to see whose voice was speaking to me, and when I did so, I saw seven golden lampstands, 13 and in the midst of the lampstands was one like a son of man. He was dressed in a robe extending down to his feet, and he wore a wide golden belt around his chest.⁠ 14 His head and hair were as white as wool, even as white as snow, and his eyes were like a fiery flame.⁠ 15 His feet were like polished bronze refined in a furnace,⁠ and his voice was like the roar of many waters.⁠ 16 He held seven stars in his right hand,⁠ and a sharp double-edged sword extended out of his mouth.⁠ His face shone like the sun shining at full strength. 17 When I saw him I fell down at his feet as though I were dead, but he placed his right hand on me and said: “Do not be afraid! I am the first and the last,⁠ 18 and the one who lives! I was dead, but look, now I am alive—forever and ever—and I hold the keys of death and of Hades! 19 Therefore write what you saw, what is, and what will be after these things. 20 The mystery of the seven stars that you saw in my right hand and the seven golden lampstands is this: The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches, and the seven lampstands are the seven churches.

Texts in conversation

Compare 1 Enoch 46:1 and Revelation 1:13

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · New Testament

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Summary

Revelation describes Jesus as a shining figure whose hair is white like wool, resembling 1 Enoch 46 where the Head of Days is described with similar features. Both follow a Jewish apocalyptic tradition based on texts like Ezekiel and Daniel.

Passages

1 Enoch 46:1

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
1 And there I saw One who had a head of days, and His head was white like wool. With Him was another being who had the appearance of a man, and his face was full of graciousness, like one of the holy angels. 2 And I asked the angel who accompanied me and showed me all the hidden things, about that Son of Man, who he was, where he was from, and why he accompanied the Head of Days? 3 The angel answered and said to me: 'This is the Son of Man who possesses righteousness, with whom righteousness dwells, and who reveals all the hidden treasures, because the Lord of Spirits has chosen him, and his status is foremost before the Lord of Spirits in uprightness forever.'
300 BCE – 100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Enoch

Revelation 1:13

New Testament
10 I was in the Spirit on the Lord’s Day when I heard behind me a loud voice like a trumpet, 11 saying: “Write in a book what you see and send it to the seven churches—to Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodicea.” 12 I turned to see whose voice was speaking to me, and when I did so, I saw seven golden lampstands, 13 and in the midst of the lampstands was one like a son of man. He was dressed in a robe extending down to his feet, and he wore a wide golden belt around his chest. 14 His head and hair were as white as wool, even as white as snow, and his eyes were like a fiery flame. 15 His feet were like polished bronze refined in a furnace, and his voice was like the roar of many waters. 16 He held seven stars in his right hand, and a sharp double-edged sword extended out of his mouth. His face shone like the sun shining at full strength.
92–96 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Revelation

References

"... It is necessary to pay close attention to the movement of this short but absolutely crucial text, for it enables us to see in microcosm the way that the simile becomes a Redeemer. We can observe three syntactically and semantically differing usages of the term and concept, “Son of Man”, in the space of three sentences. The first two sentences are simply a gloss, or even midrash, on our Daniel text, 7:9, 10, 13. There are here, just as in Daniel and in almost the same wording, two divine figures, one again who is ancient and one who has the appearance of a man, the appearance of a “son of man”, a young man, according to my hypothesis. Enoch feels a necessity to understand this appearance. It is clear that he knows exactly who the “Head of Days” is but wonders who is that Son of Man ... The text goes on to describe the messianic and other activities and traits of the Son of Man, activities and traits that draw, as we shall see, from several aspects of biblical tradition, and which are familiar from the figure of Jesus as well. This Son of Man text is, however, typologically earlier than the Gospels in that the close connection with the exegetical source in Daniel is maintained throughout. Let me make clear what I mean by this by citing another clear and well-known example: In the canonical book of Revelation 1:12-14 ... Note that for the writer of Revelation, as in the book of Daniel itself, “One Like a Son of Man” is merely a simile, a figure of speech to indicate the countenance of a divine figure. The book of Revelation is almost certainly chronologically later than the canonical Gospels, but in its use of the Daniel passage here, it is closer to the original ..."
Daniel Boyarin, “How Enoch Can Teach Us about Jesus,” 2.1 (2011): 58–60.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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1 Enoch 46:1 and Revelation 1:13

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