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Biblical Antiquities

About this book

David and Goliath

Chapter 61

1 After these things the Philistines came to fight against Israel. David had returned to the wilderness to feed his sheep, and the Midianites came and would have taken his sheep, and he came down to them and fought against them and killed 15,000 of them. This is the first battle that David fought, while he was in the wilderness. 2 A man came out of the camp of the Philistines named Goliath, and he looked upon Saul and upon Israel and said, “Are you not Saul, who fled before me when I took the ark from you and killed your priests? And now that you reign, will you come down to me like a man and a king and fight against us? If not, I will come to you and cause you to be taken captive, and your people to serve our gods.” When Saul and Israel heard that, they were greatly afraid. The Philistine said, “According to the number of days in which Israel feasted when they received the law in the wilderness, even 4 days, I will reproach them, and after that I will fight with them.” 3 When the 4 days were fulfilled, and David had come to see the battle of his brothers, he heard the words the Philistine spoke and said, “Is this perhaps the time of which God said to me, ‘I will deliver the adversary of my people into your hand by stones’?” 4 Saul heard these words and sent and took him and said, “What was the speech you spoke to the people?” David said, “Do not be afraid, O king, for I will go and fight against the Philistine, and God will take away the hatred and reproach from Israel.” 5 David went forth and took 7 stones and wrote on them the names of his fathers, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, Moses and Aaron, and his own name, and the name of the Most Mighty. And God sent Cervihel, the angel who is over strength. 6 David went forth to Goliath and said to him, “Hear a word before you die. Were not the two women of whom you and I were born sisters? Your mother was Orpha and my mother was Ruth. Orpha chose for herself the gods of the Philistines and went after them, but Ruth chose for herself the ways of the Most Mighty and walked in them. And now you and your brothers are born of Orpha; and as you have risen this day and come to lay Israel waste, I also, who am born of your kindred, have come to avenge my people. For your three brothers also will fall into my hands after your death. And then you will say to your mother, ‘The one born of your sister has not spared us.’” 7 David put a stone in his sling and struck the Philistine in his forehead, and ran upon him and drew his sword out of the sheath and took his head from him. Goliath said to him while his life was still in him, “Hurry and kill me and rejoice.” 8 David said to him, “Before you die, open your eyes and look at your slayer who has killed you.” The Philistine looked and saw the angel and said, “You have not killed me by yourself, but the one who was with you, whose form is not like the form of a man.”⁠ And then David took his head from him. 9 The angel of the Lord lifted up the face of David, and no one recognized him.⁠ When Saul saw David, he asked him who he was, and there was no one who knew who he was.

Texts in conversation

Compare 1 Samuel 17:49 and Pseudo Philo, Biblical Antiquities 61:8

Hebrew Bible · Classical

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Summary

Pseudo-Philo reframes David’s defeat of Goliath as an angelic act. An angel named Zervihel strikes alongside David, and the dying Goliath sees that his true slayer is not human but divine.

Passages

1 Samuel 17:49

Hebrew Bible
48 The Philistine drew steadily closer to David to attack him, while David quickly ran toward the battle line to attack the Philistine. 49 David reached his hand into the bag and took out a stone. He slung it, striking the Philistine on the forehead. The stone sank deeply into his forehead, and he fell down with his face to the ground. 50 David prevailed over the Philistine with just the sling and the stone. He struck down the Philistine and killed him. David did not even have a sword in his hand.
600–501 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in 1 Samuel

Pseudo Philo, Biblical Antiquities 61:8

Classical
7 David put a stone in his sling and struck the Philistine in his forehead, and ran upon him and drew his sword out of the sheath and took his head from him. Goliath said to him while his life was still in him, “Hurry and kill me and rejoice.” 8 David said to him, “Before you die, open your eyes and look at your slayer who has killed you.” The Philistine looked and saw the angel and said, “You have not killed me by yourself, but the one who was with you, whose form is not like the form of a man.” And then David took his head from him. 9 The angel of the Lord lifted up the face of David, and no one recognized him. When Saul saw David, he asked him who he was, and there was no one who knew who he was.
1–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Pseudo Philo, Biblical Antiquities

References

“... The single combat described by Josephus is a human one, despite the presence of an invisible ally. In the previous paragraph as well (188), Josephus inserts realistic details; he depicts Goliath’s armor hindering his advance. Conversely, Rabbinic tradition emphasizes the miraculous by having David afflict Goliath with leprosy, by casting his evil eye upon him (Midrash Leviticus Rabbah 21:2; Pesikta Rav Kahana 127; Midrash Samuel 21:109). The supernatural is accentuated once again by Pseudo-Philo (Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum 61:7-8): Before dying, Goliath urges David to hasten his murder and to rejoice; David in turn invites the giant to look at his true slayer, and in that moment Goliath sees the supernatural figure—the angel Zervihel—who is with David ...”
Benjamin G. Wright in Outside the Bible: Ancient Jewish Writings Related to Scripture, ed. Louis H. Feldman, James L. Kugel, and Lawrence H. Schiffman (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2013), 1277.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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1 Samuel 17:49 and Pseudo Philo, Biblical Antiquities 61:8

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