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Pseudo Jonathan Numbers

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Chapter 26

And it came to pass after the plague, that the compassions of the heavens were turned to avenge His people with judgment. And the Lord spake to Mosheh and Elazar bar Aharon the priest, saying: Take the sum of the account of the whole congregation of the Beni Israel, from twenty years old and upward, according to the house of their fathers, of every one who goeth forth with the host in Israel. And Mosheh and Elazar the priest spake with the leaders, and commanded that they should number them in the plain of Moab, by the Jordan (over against) Jericho, saying (You are to number them) from a son of twenty years and upward, as the Lord commanded Mosheh and the sons of Israel when they came out of the land of Mizraim. Reuben, the first‑born of Israel: the sons of Reuben, Hanok, the family of Hanok; of Phallu, the family of Phallu; of Hezron, the family of Hezron; of Karmi, the family of Karmi. These are the families of Reuben, and their numbers were forty‑three thousand seven hundred and thirty. And the sons of Phallu Eliab; the sons of Eliab, Nemuel, and Dathan, and Abiram. The same were Dathan and Abiram who brought together the congregation that gathered and made the division against Mosheh and Aharon in the congregation of Korach,⁠ when they gathered together and made division against the Lord, and the earth opened her mouth and swallowed them and Korach, when the congrergation of the wicked died, when the fire devoured the two hundred and fifty men, and they were made an example. But the sons of Korach were not in the counsel of their father, but followed the doctrine of Mosheh the prophet; and therefore they died not by the plague, nor were smitten by the fire, nor engulphed in the yawning of the earth. The Beni Shemeon, Nemuel, Jamin, Jakin, Zerach, Shaul, with their families, twenty‑two thousand two hundred. Of Gad, the families of Zephon, Haggi, Suni, Ozni, Heri, Arod, Areli, forty thousand five hundred. Of Jehudah, Her and Onan. But Her and Onan died, on account of their sins, in the land of Kenaan. Of the Beni Jehudah, the families of Shela, Pherez, Zerach. The sons of Pherez, Hezron, Amul. The numbers of the families of Jehudah, seventy‑six thousand five hundred. Of Issakar, the families of Thola, Puah, Jashub, Shimron, sixty‑four thousand three hundred. Of Zebulon, the families of Sered, Elon, Jahleel, sixty thousand five hundred. Of Joseph, the Beni Menasheh, Makir, Gilead, Thezar, Helek, Asriel, Shekem, Shemida, Hepher. But Zelophehad bar Hepher had no sons, but daughters only; and the names of the daughters of Zelophebad were, Mahelah, Nohah, Hogelah, Milchah, and Thirzah. These are the families of Menasheh, and their number fifty‑two thousand seven hundred. The Beni Ephraim, Shuthelah, Bekir, Tachan, Heran the son of Shuthelah, their numbers thirty‑two thousand five hundred. The families of Benjamin, Bela, Ashbel, Abiram, Shephuphia, (the sons of Bela, Ared and Naaman,) forty‑five thousand six hundred. The Beni Dan, the families of Shuham, sixty‑four thousand four hundred. Those of Asher, Jimnah, Jishvah, Beriah, and of the sons of Beriah, Heber and Malkiel. The name of the daughter of Asher was Sarach, who was conducted by six myriads of angels, and taken into the Garden of Eden alive, because she bad made known to Jacob that Joseph was living. The numbers of Asher, fiftythree thousand four hundred. The Beni Naphtali, according to their families, Jaczeel, Guni, Jezer, Shillem, forty‑five thousand four hundred. These are the numbers of the sons of Israel, six hundred and one thousand seven hundred and thirty. And the Lord spake with Mosheh, saying: Unto these tribes shall the land be divided by inheritances according to their names. To that tribe whose people are many thou shalt make their inheritance large, and to the tribe whose people are few thou shalt give a smaller inheritance; to each his heritage shall be given according to the number of his names. Yet the land shall be divided by lots; according to the names of their fathers tribes they shall inherit. Their heritage shall be divided by lots, whether great or small. But these are the names of the Levites after their families, the families of Gershon, Kehath, Merari. These are the families of the Levites: the family of Lebni, Hebron, Maheli, Mushi, Korach. And Kehath begat Amram; and the Dame of Amram's wife was Jokebed, a daughter of Levi, who was born to Levi when they had come into Mizraim, within the walls; and she bare to Amram Aharon, and Mushe, and Miriam their sister. And to Aharon were born Nadab and Abihu, Elazar and Ithamar. But Nadab and Abihu died when they offered the strange fire from the hearth‑pots before the Lord. And the number of them (the Levites) was twenty‑three thousand, every male from a month old, and upward; for they were not reckoned among the children of Israel, as no possession was given them among the sons of Israel. These are the numbers when Mosheh and Elazar the priest numbered the sons of Israel in the plains of Moab, by Jordan, (over against) Jericho. And among them was not a man of the numbers when Mosheh and Aharon the priest took the sum of the children of Israel in the wilderness of Sinai, because the Lord had said that dying they should die in the wilderness; and none of them remained except Kaleb bar Jephunneh, and Jehoshua bar Nun.

Texts in conversation

Compare Clement of Rome, 1 Clement 51:3 and Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 26:9

Early Christian · Targum

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Summary

1 Clement and the Aramaic translation of Numbers in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan both follow a Jewish interpretive tradition where Korah, Dathan, and Abiram were not just rebellious but deliberate instigators of division who became archetypal false teachers.

Passages

Clement of Rome, 1 Clement 51:3

Early Christian · First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians
2 For those who live in fear and love would rather suffer themselves than have their neighbors suffer; and they pronounce condemnation on themselves rather than on the harmony that has been handed down to us nobly and righteously. 3 For it is good for a man to confess his trespasses rather than to harden his heart, as the hearts of those who rebelled against Moses the servant of God were hardened; their condemnation was made plain. 4 for they went down to Hades alive, and Death shall be their shepherd. 5 Pharaoh and his army and all the rulers of Egypt, their chariots and their horsemen, were overwhelmed in the depths of the Red Sea and perished for no other reason than that their foolish hearts were hardened after the signs and the wonders had been performed in the land of Egypt by the hand of Moses the servant of God.
90–100 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Clement of Rome, 1 Clement

Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 26:9

Targum
These are the families of Reuben, and their numbers were forty‑three thousand seven hundred and thirty. And the sons of Phallu Eliab; the sons of Eliab, Nemuel, and Dathan, and Abiram. The same were Dathan and Abiram who brought together the congregation that gathered and made the division against Mosheh and Aharon in the congregation of Korach, when they gathered together and made division against the Lord, and the earth opened her mouth and swallowed them and Korach, when the congrergation of the wicked died, when the fire devoured the two hundred and fifty men, and they were made an example. But the sons of Korach were not in the counsel of their father, but followed the doctrine of Mosheh the prophet; and therefore they died not by the plague, nor were smitten by the fire, nor engulphed in the yawning of the earth. The Beni Shemeon, Nemuel, Jamin, Jakin, Zerach, Shaul, with their families, twenty‑two thousand two hundred.
300–1200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Pseudo Jonathan Numbers

References

"... It should also be noticed that the Targums (Neofiti Numbers 16:1; 26:9; Pseudo-Jonathan Numbers 26:9) say that Korah, Dathan and Abiram “made a schism” (literally “divided,”; perhaps compare 4QpNah 4:1). This characterization of them as schismatic is also reflected in 1 Clement 51:1–4, which compares those “who set themselves up as leaders of rebellion and dissension” with Korah and his fellows, who rebelled against Moses (compare also 1 Clement 4:12). The implication of Numbers 16:2, that Korah, with Dathan, Abiram, and On, was responsible for inciting others to rebel, is strengthened by Numbers Rabbah 18:2, which interprets “took men” to mean that Korah “drew their hearts with persuasive words” (compare Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 4.15–21). Korah was therefore a natural type for heretical teachers, and 2 Timothy 2:19 (along with 1 Clement 51:1–4) suggests that Jude was not the only early Christian writer to apply this type to false teachers within the church. The allusive character of the reference in 2 Timothy 2:19 (quoting Numbers 16:5) suggests a well-established tradition ..."
Richard Bauckham, Word Biblical Commentary: Jude-2 Peter (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1983), 83.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Clement of Rome, 1 Clement 51:3 and Pseudo Jonathan Numbers 26:9

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