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Pseudo Jonathan Genesis

About this book
Chapter 37

1 And Jacob dwelt securely in the land where his father had sojourned, in the land of Canaan. 2 These are the descendants of Jacob. Joseph was seventeen years old when he went forth from the schoolhouse. He was a youth brought up with the sons of Bilhah and with the sons of Zilpah, his father’s wives. And Joseph brought an evil report about them, for he had seen them eating flesh that had been torn from a living animal, the ears and the tails. And he came and told their father. 3 Now Israel loved Joseph more than all his children because Joseph's features were like his own features; and he made him an embroidered cloak. 4 His brothers saw that their father loved him more than all his brothers, and they harbored enmity against him, and they did not wish to speak peaceably with him. 5 And Joseph dreamed a dream and related it to his brothers, and they harbored still greater enmity against him. 6 He said to them, “Hear, I pray, this dream which I have dreamed. 7 Behold we were binding sheaves in the field, and behold my sheaf arose and stood upright; and behold your sheaves came around and bent down to my sheaf.” 8 His brothers said to him, “Do you imagine that you are to reign over us? Or do you think that you are to have dominion over us?” And they harbored still greater enmity against him because of his dreams and because of his words. 9 And he dreamed yet another dream and related it to his brothers, and said, “Behold, I have again dreamed a dream. And behold the sun and the moon and eleven stars were bending down to me.” 10 When he told it to his father and to his brothers, his father rebuked him and said to him, “What is this dream you have dreamed? Are we to come, your mother, and your brothers and I, to bend down to you to the ground?” 11 His brothers were jealous of him, but his father kept the matter in his heart. 12 His brothers went to pasture their father’s flock at Shechem. 13 After some time Israel said to Joseph, “Are not your brothers pasturing in Shechem? I am afraid lest the Hivites come and smite them for having smitten Hamor and Shechem and the inhabitants of the city. Come, then, and I will send you to them.” And he said to him, “Here I am.” 14 He said to him, “Go, then, see how your brothers are and how the flocks are, and bring me back word.” And he sent him for the sake of the deep design which had been communicated to Abraham in Hebron; and on that day the exile of Egypt began. So Joseph arose and came to Shechem. 15 Gabriel, in the likeness of a man, found him, and behold, he was wandering in the field. And the man asked him saying, “What are you looking for?” 16 And he said, “I am looking for my brothers. Tell me, I pray, where they are pasturing.” 17 The man said, “They have gone from here, for I heard from behind the veil that from this day the servitude to the Egyptians has begun. And it was said to them in prophecy that the Hivites sought to engage in battle with them. Therefore they said, ‘Let us go to Dothan.’” So Joseph went after his brothers and found them in Dothan. 18 They saw him afar off, and before he came close to them, they took counsel against him to kill him. 19 Simeon and Levi, who were brothers in counsel, said one to another, “Behold, this master of dreams is coming! 20 Come now, let us kill him and throw him in one of the pits, and we will say, ‘A savage beast has devoured him,’ and we will see what will be the interpretation of his dreams.” 21 Reuben heard this, and he saved him from their hands, and said, “Let us not kill him, lest we become guilty of his blood.” 22 And Reuben said to them, “Do not shed innocent blood. Throw him into this pit in the wilderness, but do not extend a murderous hand against him.” His intention was to save him from their hands so as to restore him to his father. 23 When Joseph came to his brothers, they stripped Joseph of his cloak, the embroidered cloak he had on, 24 and they took him and threw him into the pit. And the pit was empty; there was no water in it, but there were serpents and scorpions in it. 25 They returned to eat bread, and lifting up their eyes, they saw a company of Arabs coming from Gilead, with their camels laden with wax, gum, balm, and resin, traveling on the way to bring them down to Egypt. 26 Judah said to his brothers, “What monetary profit shall we have if we kill our brother and cover his blood? 27 Come, let us sell him to the Arabs, and let our hand not be upon him to kill him, for he is our brother, our flesh.” And his brothers agreed. 28 Now, Midianite men, merchants, passed by, and pulling Joseph they raised him up out of the pit. They sold Joseph to the Arabs for twenty silver meah,⁠ and they bought sandals from them. And they brought Joseph to Egypt. 29 Reuben returned to the pit, for he had not been with them to eat when they sold him, since he was sitting and fasting because he had disarranged his father’s couch. And he had gone and sat in the mountains intending to return to the pit to raise him up and restore him to his father, hoping that he might win his favor. But when he returned and looked, behold, Joseph was not in the pit; he rent his clothes. 30 He returned to his brothers and said, “The boy is not there! And I, where shall I go? And how can we see my father’s countenance?” 31 They took Joseph’s cloak, slaughtered a young male goat—because its blood is like that of a man—and they dipped the cloak in the blood. 32 And they had the embroidered cloak taken by the sons of Zilpah and the sons of Bilhah, who brought it to their father and said, “We have found this. Identify, we pray, whether it is your son’s tunic or not.” 33 He identified it and said, “It is my son’s cloak.⁠ It was not a wild beast that devoured him; and he was not killed by men. But I see by the Holy Spirit that an evil woman is standing before him.” 34 Jacob rent his clothes, bound sackcloth on his loins, and mourned for his son many days. 35 All his sons and all his sons’ wives arose and went to console him, but he refused to accept consolation, and said, “No, I will go down mourning to my son in the grave.” And his father Isaac also wept for him. 36 The Midianites sold him in Egypt to Potiphar, an official of Pharaoh, the chief executioner.

Texts in conversation

Compare Genesis 37:33 and Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 37:33

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

Genesis 37 shows Jacob’s reaction to Joseph’s bloodied tunic, convinced his son was eaten by an animal. The Aramaic translation in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan reverses this to say Joseph was not eaten, perhaps to harmonize difficulties with the Hebrew.

Passages

Genesis 37:33

Hebrew Bible
31 So they took Joseph’s tunic, killed a young goat, and dipped the tunic in the blood. 32 Then they brought the special tunic to their father and said, “We found this. Recognize* now whether it is your son’s tunic or not.” 33 He recognized it and exclaimed, “It is my son’s tunic! A wild animal has eaten him! Joseph has surely been torn to pieces!” 34 Then Jacob tore his clothes, put on sackcloth, and mourned for his son many days.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Genesis

Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 37:33

Targum
32 And they had the embroidered cloak taken by the sons of Zilpah and the sons of Bilhah, who brought it to their father and said, “We have found this. Identify, we pray, whether it is your son’s tunic or not.” 33 He identified it and said, “It is my son’s cloak. It was not a wild beast that devoured him; and he was not killed by men. But I see by the Holy Spirit that an evil woman is standing before him.” 34 Jacob rent his clothes, bound sackcloth on his loins, and mourned for his son many days.
300–1200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Pseudo Jonathan Genesis

References

"... Pseudo-Jonathan Genesis 37:33 also presents an apparently contradictory translation on account of its addition of the negative particle לא where the narrative lacks it in the Hebrew. In the Hebrew text, the brothers of Joseph come to Jacob with Joseph’s bloodied garment; they lead Jacob to believe that Joseph was torn to pieces by an animal, and at verse 33 Jacob exclaims in lamentation that Joseph is dead. In Pseudo-Jonathan, however (and in the Fragment Targumim and in Manuscript D), Jacob declares that Joseph is not dead, but rather alive. Again, the question arises: How did the targumist start with the Hebrew text and arrive at the Aramaic rendition in this case? Analysis of the passages shows that in this instance too the targumist encountered a number of textual incongruities that prompted him to look at the verse interpretively and to resolve the incongruities he perceived to emerge in the Hebrew. ..."
Iosif J. Zhakevich, “Contradictions and Coherence in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan” (diss., Harvard University, 2016), 54–55.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Genesis 37:33 and Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 37:33

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