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Pseudo Jonathan Genesis

About this book
Chapter 15

1 After these things, after the kings had gathered together and had fallen before Abram, and after he had killed four kings and brought back nine encampments, Abram thought in his heart and said, 'Woe to me now! Perhaps I have received the reward of my observance of the commandments in this world, and there will be no portion for me in the world to come. Or perhaps the brothers and relatives of these slain will go and join in legions and come against me. Or perhaps at that time the reward of some minor merits was found with me, so that they fell before me. But the second time the reward of good deeds will not be found with me, and the name of heaven will be profaned in me.' Therefore a word of the Lord was addressed to Abram in a vision, saying, 'Fear not Abram; for even if they join in legions and come against you, my Memra will be a shield for you; and even if these have fallen before you in this world, the reward of your good works is kept and prepared before me for the world to come, a very great reward.' 2 But Abram said, 'Lord God, you have given me much, and there is still much before you to give me. What benefit do I have, since I pass from the world childless, and Eliezer, the manager of my house, at whose hands miracles have been performed for me in Damascus, expects to be my heir?' 3 And Abram said, 'Behold you have not given me a son, and behold the manager of my house will be my heir.' 4 And behold, a word from before the Lord came to him saying, 'This one will not be your heir, but a son whom you will beget will be your heir.' 5 Then he took him outside and said, 'Look toward the heavens and count the stars, if you are able to count them.' And he said to him, 'So shall your children be.' 6 He had faith in the Memra of the Lord, and he reckoned it to him as merit because he did not speak rebelliously against him. 7 He said to him, 'I am the Lord who brought you out of the fiery furnace of the Chaldeans to give you this land to inherit.' 8 He said, 'Lord God, how shall I know that I shall inherit it?' 9 He said to him, 'Fetch me offerings, and offer before me a heifer three years old, a he-goat three years old, a she-goat three years old, a turtledove, and a young pigeon.' 10 He offered all these before him, divided them in the middle, and arranged each part opposite the other; but he did not divide the birds. 11 The nations, that are like unclean birds, came down to plunder the property of Israel; but the merit of Abram protected them. 12 When the sun was about to set, a deep sleep was cast upon Abram, and behold four kingdoms were rising to enslave his children:⁠ 'Dread'— that is Babylon; 'Dark'— that is Media; 'Great'— that is Greece; 'Fell'— that is Edom, which is destined to fall and for which there will be no rising; from there the people of the house of Israel will come up. 13 He said to Abram, 'Know for certain that your children will be residents in a land that is not theirs, because you did not believe; and they will be enslaved and afflicted four hundred years.' 14 But the people whom they shall serve I will judge with two hundred and fifty plagues; and after that they will go forth to freedom with great wealth. 15 As for yourself, you shall be gathered to your fathers; your soul shall rest in peace; you shall be buried at a good old age. 16 And the fourth generation of your children shall return here to take possession of the land, for the guilt of the Amorites is not yet complete. 17 When the sun had set and it was dark, behold, Abram saw Gehenna sending up smoke and coals of fire, and sending forth sparks of fire with which to judge the wicked. And behold it passed between these parts. 18 On that day the Lord made a covenant with Abram, promising that he would not judge his children by it, and that he would deliver them from the kingdoms, saying, 'To your children I will give this land, from the Nile of Egypt to the Great River, the river Euphrates, 19 the Shalmaites, the Kenizzites, the Kadmonites, 20 the Hittites, the Perizzites, the Giants, 21 the Amorites, the Canaanites, the Girgashites, and the Jebusites.'

Texts in conversation

Compare Apocalypse of Abraham 28:4 and Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 15:12

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses · Targum

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Summary

The Apocalypse of Abraham and the Aramaic Targum Pseudo-Jonathan both turn Abraham's frightening vision in Genesis 15 into a preview of four powers that will later oppress his descendants. The Targum names them as Babylon, Media, Greece, and Edom.

Passages

Apocalypse of Abraham 28:4

Pseudepigrapha, Apocalypses
1 And I answered and said: "Mighty, [Eternal One], holy through Your power! Please grant my request, [for this You have brought me up here, so show me]. As You have brought me up to Your height, 2 so explain [this] to me, Your beloved one, what I ask: will what I saw happen to them for long?" 3 And He showed me a great crowd of His people, 4 and said to me: "Because of them, through four movements, as you saw, they will provoke me, and in these my punishment for their deeds will be (accomplished). 5 But during the fourth movement of a hundred years and one hour of the age, which is a hundred years, it will suffer misfortune among the pagans [but one hour in mercy and insults, as among the pagans]."
70–150 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in the Apocalypse of Abraham

Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 15:12

Targum
11 The nations, that are like unclean birds, came down to plunder the property of Israel; but the merit of Abram protected them. 12 When the sun was about to set, a deep sleep was cast upon Abram, and behold four kingdoms were rising to enslave his children: 'Dread'— that is Babylon; 'Dark'— that is Media; 'Great'— that is Greece; 'Fell'— that is Edom, which is destined to fall and for which there will be no rising; from there the people of the house of Israel will come up. 13 He said to Abram, 'Know for certain that your children will be residents in a land that is not theirs, because you did not believe; and they will be enslaved and afflicted four hundred years.'
300–1200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Pseudo Jonathan Genesis

References

“... The author of the apocalypse employs two dating methods, or rather offers two divisions of the time-period encompassing the visions shown to Abraham. The first comprises four ascents; secondly, there is a division into twelve ages (28.4–5; 29.2; cf. 27.3). The exact meaning of the four ascents is not entirely clear. The term is used twice. In a vision Abraham sees the heathen running towards the seed of Abraham through four ascents and then burning the temple. God interprets this by telling Abraham that his anger will come upon Abraham’s seed through the four ascents and in them will be retribution for their works. He goes on to say that the fourth ascent is one hundred years, so it is clear that the ascents are to be taken as time-periods (28.5). [...] Most scholars have understood the four ascents to refer to the four kingdoms of Daniel, modified, as they are in other apocalypses, to signify Babylon, Persia, Greece, and Rome. There is good reason for this. The four kingdoms schema, which originates in the vision of Daniel, is elsewhere associated with Abraham’s sacrifice and the vision that he received from God. The account offered in the Targum Yerušalmi has Abraham see the four kingdoms that will rise against him: Babylon, Media, Greece, and Edom (Rome). ...”
Kenneth R. Jones, Jewish Reactions to the Destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70: Apocalypses and Related Pseudepigrapha, JSJSup 151 (Leiden: Brill, 2011), 252–253.

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Apocalypse of Abraham 28:4 and Pseudo Jonathan Genesis 15:12

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