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Pseudo Jonathan Exodus

About this book
Chapter 16

And the whole congregation of Israel journeyed from Elim, and came to the desert of Sin, which is between Elim and Sinai, on the fifteenth day of the month of Ijar, the second month from their going forth from the land of Mizraim. And on that day the bread which they had brought out of Mizraim was finished. And all the sons of Israel grumbled against Mosheh and against Aharon in the desert. And the sons of Israel said to them, Would that we had died by the Word of the Lord in the land of Mizraim, when we sat by the cisterns of meat, and ate bread and had enough! Why hast thou brought us out into this wilderness to kill all this congregation with hunger? And the Lord said to Mosheh, Behold, I will cause the bread which hath been laid up for you from the beginning to descend from heaven:⁠ and the people shall go out and gather the matter of a day by the day, that I may try them whether they will keep the commandments of My law or not. And on the sixth day they shall prepare what they set before them to eat on the day of the Sabbath; and they shall mix in the houses and communicate in their dwellings, so that by carrying th)is to that, they may have double of that which they gather from day to day. And Mosheh and Aharon said to all the sons of Israel, At evening you shall know that the Lord hath brought you out free from the land of Mizraim; and in the morning will be revealed to you the glory of the Shekinah of the Lord; and we, what are we accounted, that you complain against us? And Mosheh said, By this you shall know, when the Lord prepareth you at evening flesh to eat, and in the morning bread to satisfy, that your complainings wherewith you complain against Him are heard before the Lord. And we, what are we accounted? Your complaints are not against us, but against the Word of the Lord. Mosheh said to Aharon, Bid all the congregation of the sons of Israel draw nigh before the Lord; for your murmuring are heard before Him. And it was while Aharon was speaking with all the congregation of Israel that they turned towards the desert, and, behold, the glory of the majesty of the Lord was revealed in the cloud of glory. And the Lord spake to Mosheh, saying Hearing I have heard the murmurings of the sons of Israel before Me. Speak thou with them, saying, Between the evenings (suns) you shall eat flesh, and in the morning shall you eat bread, and shall know that I am the Lord your God. And it came to pass, that in the evening the pheasants came up and covered the camp; and in the morning there was a fall of holy dew, prepared as a table, round about the camp: and the clouds ascended and caused manna to descend upon the dew;⁠ and there was upon the face of the desert a minute (substance) in lines, minute as the hoar frost upon the ground. And the sons of Israel beheld, and wondered, and said, a man to his companion, Man Hu? for they knew not what it was. And Mosheh said to them, It is the bread which hath been laid up for you from the beginning in the heavens on high, and now the Lord will give it you to eat. This is the word which the Lord hath dictated: You are to gather of it, every man according to the number Of Your souls; every man according to the mouth of the number of the persons of his tabernacle, are you to take. And the sons of Israel did so, and gathered manna said to them, Let no man make a reserve of it till the morning. But (some of them) hearkened not to Mosheh: Dathan and Abiram, men of wickedness, did reserve of it till the morning; but it produced worms and putrefied; and Mosheh was angry with them. And they gathered from the time of the dawn until the fourth hour of the day, every man according to his eating; but at the fourth hour, when the sun had waxed hot upon it, it liquefied, and made streams of water, which flowed away into the Great Sea; and wild animals that were clean, and cattle, came to drink of it, and the sons of Israel hunted, and ate them. And it came to pass on the sixth day they gathered double bread, two homers a man; and all the princes of the congregation came and told Mosheh. And Mosheh said to them, This which the Lord hath told you, do. To‑morrow is the rest of the holy Sabbath before the Lord: That which is needful to have to bake for to‑morrow, bake to‑day; and what is needful to boil for to‑morrow, boil to‑day: and all whatever remaineth of that which on eat to‑day lay it up, and it shall be preserved until the morning. And they laid it up until the morning, as Mosheh had directed them; and it did not corrupt, and no worm was in it. And Mosheh said to them, Eat to-day, because this is the Sabbath day before the Lord. This day you will not find any in the feild. Six days you shall gather, but on the seventh day, which is the Sabbath, no manna will come down. And it was that on the seventh day some of the wicked people went forth to gather manna, but they found none. And the Lord said to Mosheh, How long will ye refuse to keep My commandments and My laws ? Behold, because I have given you the Sabbath, I gave you on the sixth day bread for two days. Let every man abide in his Place, and not wander from one locality to another, beyond four yards; nor let any man go forth to walk beyond two thousand yards on the seventh day; for the people shall repose on the seventh day. And the house of Israel called the name of it Manna; and it was like the seed of coriander, white, and the taste of it like preparations of honey. And Mosheh said, This is the thing which the Lord hath commanded to lay up of it a homer full to keep in your generations; that perverse generations may see the bread which you have eaten in the wilderness, in your coming forth out of the land of Mizraim. And Mosheh said to Aharon, Take one earthen vase, and put therein a full homera of manna, and lay it up before the Lord to be kept unto your generations. As the Lord commanded Mosheh, so did Aharon, lay it up before the testimony to be kept. And the children of Israel ate the manna forty years, until they came to ail inhabited land: manna did they eat forty days after his death, until they had passed the Jordena, and entered upon the borders of the land of Kenaan. And a homera is one tenth of three seahs.

Texts in conversation

Compare Exodus 16:13 and Numbers 11:9 and Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 16:13

Hebrew Bible · Targum

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Summary

In Exodus, the dew falls on the manna, while in Numbers, the manna falls on the dew, showing two versions of the same event. The Aramaic translation in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan tries to harmonize it, describing manna on top of dew and covered by dew above.

Passages

Exodus 16:13

Hebrew Bible
12 “I have heard the murmurings of the Israelites. Tell them, ‘During the evening you will eat meat, and in the morning you will be satisfied with bread, so that you may know that I am the Lord your God.’” 13 In the evening the quail came up and covered the camp, and in the morning a layer of dew was all around the camp. 14 When the layer of dew had evaporated, there on the surface of the wilderness was a thin flaky substance, thin like frost on the earth.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Exodus

Numbers 11:9

Hebrew Bible
8 And the people went about and gathered it, and ground it with mills or pounded it in mortars; they baked it in pans and made cakes of it. It tasted like fresh olive oil. 9 And when the dew came down on the camp in the night, the manna fell with it.) 10 Moses heard the people weeping throughout their families, everyone at the door of his tent; and when the anger of the Lord was kindled greatly, Moses was also displeased.
750–400 BCE (scholarly estimate) Read in Numbers

Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 16:13

Targum
Speak thou with them, saying, Between the evenings (suns) you shall eat flesh, and in the morning shall you eat bread, and shall know that I am the Lord your God. And it came to pass, that in the evening the pheasants came up and covered the camp; and in the morning there was a fall of holy dew, prepared as a table, round about the camp: and the clouds ascended and caused manna to descend upon the dew; and there was upon the face of the desert a minute (substance) in lines, minute as the hoar frost upon the ground. And the sons of Israel beheld, and wondered, and said, a man to his companion, Man Hu? for they knew not what it was.
300–1200 CE (scholarly estimate) Read in Pseudo Jonathan Exodus

References

"... There are two occasions for harmonization in the Hebrew verses. The text might seem to imply, for one thing, that the manna came first and then the dew, and that the manna was only visible when the dew evaporated. But this is in clear contradiction to Numbers 11:9: “When the dew came down at night, the manna would come down on it.” The verses in Exodus must therefore be construed to mean that the dew came first. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan accomplishes this by introducing “clouds” to ascend in place of the dew, which remains fixed in place on the ground. These “clouds” then bring down the manna upon the solidified dew. This has the additional benefit of linking the story with Psalm 78:19 (“Can God prepare a table in the wilderness?”) and Psalm 23:5 (“You prepare a table before me in the presence of my enemies”; Targum Psalms translates as “a table of manna”) ..."
Edward M. Cook, “The Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible in the Targums,” in A Companion to Biblical Interpretation in Early Judaism, ed. Matthias Henze (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2012), 92–117.

References are not endorsements of their contents. Read each reference in full to understand its author's intentions in using these texts.

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Exodus 16:13 and Numbers 11:9 and Pseudo Jonathan Exodus 16:13

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